Physiological functions, including kidney function, are strongly associated with age. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which is a marker of chronic kidney disease (CKD), declines with age in healthy adults [1]. CKD is defined as a condition with an estimated GFR (eGFR) of less than 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 or continuous presence of kidney impairment (e.g., albuminuria) for 3 months or longer [2].The Hisayama Study Group has investigated the relationship between CKD and vascular risk and reported that the former was an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease [3] and that people with metabolic syndrome had a higher incidence of CKD [4]. CKD has also been established as an independent risk factor for cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and cardiovascular disease [5,6].One study [5] reported that, in middle-aged community-based
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