Dielectrics play a key role during electrical discharge machining (EDM). Kerosene-based oil, deionized water and gas are traditionally used dielectrics in industries. The process performance of micro EDM mainly based on it. The major drawbacks of liquid-based dielectrics are large ratio of electrode wear and pollution. Micro EDM in gas provides almost zero tool wear. However, the discharge gap is very small, which leads to abnormal discharge during machining. The theme of this research work is an investigation of the micro EDM in nitrogen plasma jet (NPJ) performed in magnetic field for enhancing process performance. In this study, the magnetic field is introduced perpendicular to the current direction, for enhancing the material removal ratio and helping in debris distribution from machining area. Series of experiments have been conducted, by varying magnetic field current and voltage. Experimental outcome shows that this adopted approach significantly improves the material removal rate (MRR) as well as surface roughness (Ra). The presence of Lorentz force has no negative impact on electrode wear. Index Terms-Electrical discharge machining (EDM), magnetic field, nitrogen plasma jet, machining performance.
Proteins are structurally dynamic macromolecules that exist in various conformations of similar energies. The function of protein usually depends upon its structural formation which is often induced by ligand binding. These conformational changes are of great interest in proteomics and biochemistry. In this work, we extended our knowledge to effectively detect structural perturbations of Mb (Myoglobin) in the presence of OA (Oleic acid) by using a ∼20 nm (diameter) silicon-nitride (Si3N4) nanopore. This interaction can be either specific or non-specific depending upon the concentration of OA in Mb solution. Results of nanopore relied on the succession of current blockages as characterized by their duration, amplitude and event's number. In order to detect the interaction, three kinds of experiments were performed under three different OA/Mb ratios and various event readouts were obtained. First of all, we took the volume ratio of OA/Mb as 4:1 and found that values of dwell time (td) and current blockage (ΔIb) were similar to Mb (only) translocation. Secondly, giving an increment in the volume ratio of OA/Mb to 10:1 resulted in a significant increase in dwell time (td) and current blockage (ΔIb) level. Furthermore, a dramatic decrease in amplitude of ionic current blockage (ΔIb) and dwell time (td) was observed at the ratio 20:1 of OA/Mb which indicated that OA/Mb interaction can cause structural instability of myoglobin. This may also disturb charge distributions on amino acid residues which results in variation of above-mentioned parameters. This approach of nanopore sensing can be extensively employed in screening FABPs (Fatty acid binding proteins) and protein conformational studies.
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