The article presents the results of a study on the assessment of modern space–time trends of extreme values of air temperature and precipitation in 42 meteorological stations throughout Kazakhstan for the period from 1971 to 2020. Spatial and temporal analysis of the distribution of specialized climatic indices was recommended by the WMO climatology commission and an assessment of their trends was carried out. Spatial heterogeneity was revealed in terms of the degree of manifestation of changes and trends. Temperature indices are shown to confirm the overall warming trend. The division of the territory of Kazakhstan by the degree of manifestation of climate change into the southwestern and northeastern half was revealed. Extreme trends are most pronounced in the southwestern half, where a significant trend has been identified both for an increase in extremely high daytime and extremely low night temperatures. The calculated trends in temperature indices are generally significant, but the significance is mainly not ubiquitous; the trends are significant only in certain parts of Kazakhstan. WSDI and CSDI trends were found to confirm a widespread increase in the overall duration of heat waves and a reduction in the overall duration of cold waves. No significant extreme effects were found in the sediments. It is confirmed that Kazakhstan has weak, statistically insignificant, positive and negative trends in the maximum duration of the non-traveling period. Precipitation index trends, unlike temperature ones, are statistically insignificant in most of the country.
The present article is concerned with the applied aspects of applying the results of space monitoring of snow cover, in particular, it is proposed to present the results of the analysis in the form of specialized bulletins. The purpose of this publication is to present the available results of space monitoring of snow cover in Kazakhstan as an element of adaptation to climate change. A three-level system of space monitoring of snow cover is proposed, which includes three technological complexes: operational mapping of snow cover boundaries; monitoring of seasonal snow cover dynamics; analysis of long-term snow cover dynamics. A map of snow melting in Kazakhstan in 2020, the dynamics of long-term changes of snow covered area, as well as methods for analyzing the spatial- temporal distribution of snow cover and formats of special bulletins are presented. It is most appropriate to present the results of space monitoring of snow cover in a complex, maximally generalized form (product). The results of the work can be applied in the scientific, industrial and educational spheres to adapt and increase resistance.
Работа посвящена исследованию динамики дат схода снежного покрова в Казахстане. Приводятся результаты исследования климатических особенностей снежного покрова на территории Северного Казахстана на основе тематического дешифрирования данных NOAA/AVHRR с 1982 по 2012 гг. Приводятся данные об изменениях в сроках схода снежного покрова, динамике схода снежного покрова за 30 лет. Анализ спутниковых карт и их сравнение со среднемноголетними наземными данными за последнее тридцатилетие показал наличие из-менений в сроках схода и в особенностях залегания снежного покрова. Проведена статистическая обработка данных о сходе 4-х наземных МС (Костанай, Петропавловск, Кокчетав и Астана), установлены сроки схода снежного покрова на территории Северного Казахстана. Установлена тенденция к более раннему сходу снеж-ного покрова на 7-10 дней за последние 30 лет.Ключевые слова: снежный покров, сход, карта, площадь, дата схода, тенденция, метеостанция, дистанцион-ное зондирование, метод, спутник, NOAA/AVHRR Одобрена к печати: 19.01.201619.01. DOI: 10.21046/207019.01. -7401-2016 Введение Большой интерес представляет снежный покров как элемент климата и индикатор его изменения. Одна из наиболее актуальных задач -это определение границы области устой-чивого залегания и дат схода снежного покрова. В Казахстане работы по исследованию снежного покрова ведутся не первый год, раз-работаны соответствующие методики (Кауазов, 2010), и уже получены результаты космиче-ского мониторинга схода снежного покрова за последнее десятилетие (Кауазов и др, 2010).Между тем большой интерес представляет изучение сроков залегания снежного покрова в условиях изменения климата. Целью данной работы является оценка современных тенден-ций схода устойчивого снежного покрова на территории Северного Казахстана в условиях глобального изменения климата по данным космического мониторинга. Методика и данныеДля целей мониторинга снежного покрова на территории Казахстана из всего разно-образия видов данных ДЗЗ наибольший интерес, по совокупности достоинств (доступ-ность, оперативность, полоса обзора, информативность и прочее), представляют данные Современные проблемы дистанционного зондирования Земли из космоса.
The article presents the results of space monitoring of Kazakhstan arid and semi-arid areas' vegetation on the basis of time series of NDVI and integrated vegetation indices. It is observed the trend of integral indices decreasing for the period of 2002-2013. This fact characterizes the increase of stress influence of weather conditions on vegetation in Kazakhstan during last decade.
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