Summary The unprecedented penetration of distributed generation in distribution energy networks provides utilities with a unique opportunity to manage portions of networks as microgrids (MGs). The implementation of an MG may offer many benefits, such as capital investments deferral, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, improvement in reliability, and reduction in network losses. Future energy networks will contain various forms of energy which are acquired by mixing several sources and energy storages in the concept called multicarrier microgrid (MCMG). In order to draw the most effective performance from MCMG systems, appropriate design and operation are essential. This paper represents a compound co‐optimization strategy to find the best type and size of components and the associated optimum dispatch in a grid‐tied community MCMG implementing reliability criteria. Here, the required level of reliability is handled within the optimization process to fulfill multiple demands. The mixed‐integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) technique of general algebraic modeling system (GAMS) and the genetic algorithm of MATLAB software are utilized to solve the co‐optimization problem. Additionally, a contemporary time‐based demand response program is modeled to reshape the load curve, as well as prevent the undue use of energy in peak hours. Eventually, the proposed strategy is applied to a test case to select the best components while respecting reliability restrictions. Numerical simulations prove the effectiveness of the proposed expansion planning.
The present study investigates the effect of spatial features of urban space on enhancing user-space through increasing social interaction. In recent years, the rate of presence and occurrence of social interaction in public places such as neighborhood centers have been noticeable. This issue can play an important role in recognizing the social relations, in environmental quality, in revealing social life as well as the culture. The present study was done in Sultan-Mirahmad neighborhood. It is considered that legibility, complexity, accessibility, the hierarchy of spatial as well as identifying features affect the occurrence of different usages and the variety of activities during the daily life in the neighborhood. To investigate the role of spatial features, 50 available local residents and newcomers (tourists) were selected and a questionnaire was designed to do the survey. The Cronbach alpha validity came 0.75. Analyzing the data, three factors were identified including legibility, complexity and accessibility with every factor including some sub-factors. Based on this study, a model can be compiled to show how these three factors interplay in enhancing social interactions. The rate of effectiveness of the factors depends on the various sub-factors that make them up. The results showed that these three characteristics of spatial features are the most important in significantly enhancing the social interaction and use of urban space.
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