The halogen bonds (XB) formed between some Si-X- and Ge-X- (X is Cl and Br) containing molecules and NCH (as a Lewis base) have been investigated and compared with C-X⋯N halogen bond. Although, in all cases, the existence of a positive electrostatic potential (σ-hole) along the extension of M-X was responsible for halogen bond formation, multipole expansion of electrostatic potential reveals that these positive potentials originate from different atomic multipole moments. Indeed, in addition to the monopole moment of M atoms, the quadrupole moment of X in C-X molecules, the dipole moment of the halogen in Si-X molecules and both the dipole and quadrupole moments of X in Ge-X molecules are mainly responsible for the existence of the σ-hole along the extension of the M-X bond. From a different point of view, the distribution of the Laplacian of electron density shows that all the studied M-X⋯N halogen bonds can be regarded as "lump-hole" interactions; a region of charge depletion (hole) in the valence shell charge concentration (VSCC) of the halogen atom interacts with a region of charge concentration (lump) in the VSCC of nitrogen and forms a halogen bond. On the other hand, interacting quantum atoms (IQA) analysis of atomic energies indicates that, in contrast to C-X⋯N contacts, in which the interaction between halogen and nitrogen is attractive, there is a net repulsive interaction between X and N in Si-X⋯N and Ge-X⋯N complexes. Indeed, the attraction between Si/Ge and nitrogen is mainly responsible for the formation of these halogen bonds.
Aim: Although often undiagnosed and untreated, prolonged grief and its conversion to complicated grief (CG) can lead to functional impairment. Given the impact of CG on mortality and quality of life in elderly individuals, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of CG and its related factors among the elderly in the city of Sabzevar in Iran. Methods: The subjects of this cross-sectional study were elderly individuals aged 60 years and older who lived Sabzevar in 2019. Participants were randomly selected in two stages. First, the grief experience of 823 elderly individuals was investigated. Second, the 247 individuals who met the inclusion criteria and had experienced grief were assessed for CG. Data were collected with a demographic information questionnaire, the Brief Grief Questionnaire, and the Geriatric Depression Scale. Results: The prevalence of CG among the participants who had experienced grief was 18.6%. Significant differences in CG prevalence were observed among participants according to age, gender, marital status, occupation, and relationship to the deceased person (P < 0.05). The prevalence of CG was also significantly associated with the deceased person's age, gender, and cause of death; the participant being the deceased's primary caregiver and the participant being with the deceased at the time of death(P < 0.05). Furthermore, CG was significantly higher in people with mild or severe depression than in non-depressed participants (P = 0.01). The odds of CG and sub-threshold CG incidence were 2.94 times higher in women than in men and 3.64 times higher in participants with severe depression than in non-depressed participants. Conclusion: Complicated grief is relatively prevalent among the elderly, and it is associated with age, gender, marital status, depression status, and some variables related to the deat time of the deceased. Given the negative effects of CG on individuals and the community, appropriate planning is needed to reduce its incidence in elderly individuals who have experienced grief.
Introduction: Diabetes is one of the chronic diseases which causes other chronic diseases. The incidence of it is increasing in different societies, including Iran. This study aimed to investigate Gender differences in incidence of type 2 diabetes and related psychosocial factors. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2019 among people with the age group of 20 to 60. All the 600 participants were married and lived in Kerman. Using multi-stage sampling, 300 men and 300 women were selected. Data were collected through a questionnaire which included 3 sections as follows: Social demographic variables, healthy lifestyle variabl and perceived stress variable. Statistical analysis was done through descriptive statistics, Lambda test, Independent sample T -test and Binary Logistic regression. The SPSS 23 was used to perform the data analysis. The significance level of the study was considered to be p=0.05. Results: The mean (SD) score of physical activity for women was significantly lower than men: (7.6 (2.3) vs. 8.2 (2.7) (P=0.006) ). In the same vein, the mean (SD) score of healthy diet among women was significantly higher than men: (18.6 (3) vs. 18 (2.4),( P<0.001) ). The rate of avoidance of tobacco and alcohol consumption among women was significantly higher than men: (19.4 (1.3) vs. 17.9 (2.6),( P<0.001) ). Results of multiple logistic regression showed that in the group of women, the chance of developing diabetes was significantly related to perceived stress level (OR=1.21), level of sports activities OR=0.48) (and education. Education level and health diet also had a significant effect on men's odds of developing diabetes (OR=0.63, 1.35, respectively). Conclusion: Among the indicators of healthy lifestyle, doing exercise in women and having a healthy diet in men were effective in predicting the risk of diabetes. In addition, the amount of perceived social stress was one of the most important psychological factors in the development of diabetes just in women. Therefore, it is crucial to recognize the factors affecting diabetes in both men and women separately and This can be an appropriate analytical instrument for sociologists and health researchers to recognize and focus on this problem as well as for health policy makers to reduce and control harmful factors.
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