In recent years, the global financial crisis on the one side and the environmental challenges, especially the global warming and climate change on the other, have collectively faced the international community with major problems. Using fossil fuels as a major source of energy production has an important role in greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. This pattern has caused the natural resources depletion and wide range of environmental problems. In contrast, the concept of "Green Economy" attempts to find a way for solving the contradiction between the economic growth, the resources depletion and environmental challenges. This article exhibits an endeavor to evaluate the various sources of energy "availability" and "accessibility" with the Green Economy tools in mind, and proposes suitable potentials considered fit for Iran in coherence with Green Economy concept.
Traffic tunnels have the potential to reduce the traffic congestion, but in some cases, they lead to the accumulation of air pollutants. The present study focused on the analysis of chemical and biological pollutants inside and outside of the largest tunnel in Iran. The measurements were done during different hours and days in four seasons (2018–2019). The collected data showed that the inside of the tunnel was more polluted than the outside, and the type, the number of passing cars and the weather condition had an effect on concentrations. Winter, summer and evenings are the most polluted periods. Comparison of data with national and WHO standards revealed that SO2 is a critical pollutant for all periods; NO2 is a problem during summer, winter and evenings. The concentration of PM2.5 exceeded these standards in the evenings. A high correlation between PM2.5 and PM10, in concentration, changes and spatial distribution points to the same emission sources. For biological pollutants, a high microbial population was found during the summer and afternoons. Among the isolated Gram-positive bacterium, the Bacillus sp (38%) and Aspergillus sp (32%) were the highest population of bacteria and fungi, respectively. Measurement results in combination with a high rate of hospital admissions emphasized the poor air quality inside the tunnel and the necessity for the installation of mechanical ventilation systems.
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