Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2 ) is a toxic gas with harmful effects on various organs but recent studies, have con rmed the protective effect of SO 2 on ischemic heart disease, atherosclerosis, and lung infections.The present study was designed to investigate the effect of endogenous SO 2 on depression. Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress (CUMS) model was performed to cause depression. Depression-Like Behaviors in animals were determined using open-eld test, forced swimming test and sucrose consumption. Animal spatial learning and memory was assessed using the Morris water maze. The oxidative status of the hippocampus and serum corticosterone level assessed. A reduction in the tendency to consume sucrose, mobility, and curiosity, as well as learning and memory disorders were observed in CUMS animals. Depressed animals treated with SO 2 showed a signi cant improvement in behavioral and cognitive functions. SO 2 also reduced neuronal damage and lipid peroxidation of the hippocampus and serum corticosterone level in the CUMS group. Various evidences supports a mutual relationship between in ammation and depression, also growing studies shows the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of mood-related disorders such as depression. In this study, increased hippocampal malondialdehyde (MDA) and serum corticosterone levels can be reasons for the existence of oxidative stress and possible activation of in ammatory processes. SO 2 donors reduced MDA and corticosterone levels in depressed animals. According to these results, SO 2 may have been able to reduce tissue damage and eventually behavioral disorders caused by depression by reducing oxidative stress and in ammation.
BackgroundThe vascular changes due to cerebrovascular damage, especially on the capillaries, play a vital role in causing vascular dementia. Increasing oxidative stress can lead to tissue damage while reducing brain blood flow. The use of factors reducing the oxidative stress level can decrease the brain damages. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is one of the most important air pollutants that lead to the development of severe brain damage in large quantities. However, studies have recently confirmed the protective effect of SO2 in cardiac ischemic injury, atherosclerosis and pulmonary infections.MethodsThe permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCAO) method was used to induce chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH). Two treatment groups of SO2 were studied. The animal cognitive performance was evaluated using the Morris water maze. Hippocampal tissue damage was examined after 2 months of BCAO. In the biochemical analysis, the activity of catalase and lipid peroxidation of the hippocampus was studied.ResultsNeuronal damage in hippocampus, as well as cognitive impairment in ischemia groups treated with SO2 showed a significant improvement. Catalase activity was also significantly increased in the hippocampus of treated groups.ConclusionsAccording to the results, SO2 is likely to be effective in reducing the CCH-caused damages by increasing the antioxidant capacity of the hippocampus.
Background and Aims: This study aimed to observe the effect of Icariin on histomorphometric changes of testis and prostate induced by Acrylamide. Materials and Methods: Male mice were divided into four groups (n=8): A is the control group and does not get any treatment, B is the sham group and only received drinking water. C group received Acrylamide 10 mg/kg. D group received Acrylamide 15 mg/kg+1.5 mg/kg of Icariin. Histological changes in testis and prostate were examined using stereological methods. Results: Results showed decreases in testis weight of the group treated by (p≤0.01) and the group cured by Acrylamide +Icariin group (p≤0.05). The total volume of testis showed a reduction in the Acrylamide group compared to other groups (p≤0.05). The total number of spermatogonia and spermatocyte cells in the Acrylamide group showed a decrease in comparison with the other groups (p≤0.05). The total number of spermatid cells in the Acrylamide group indicated a significant reduction in comparison with the control and sham group (p≤0.05). The total number of sertoli cells in the Acrylamide group showed a reduction when the number of leydig cells in the Acrylamide group showed a significant decrease in comparison with the control, sham, and Acrylamide+Icariin groups (p≤0.05). The mean Johnsen score was decreased in the Acrylamide treated group compared to control, sham, and Acrylamide+Icariin groups (p≤0.05). Testosterone concentration in the Acrylamide group showed a reduction in comparison with control, sham, and Acrylamide+Icariin groups (p≤0.05). Conclusion: Results demonstrated that Acrylamide altered the structure of the testis, prostate gland, and spermatogenesis stage, and Icariin treatment improved these histopathological changes.
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) is a toxic gas with harmful effects on various organs but recent studies, have confirmed the protective effect of SO2 on ischemic heart disease, atherosclerosis, and lung infections. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of endogenous SO2 on depression. Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress (CUMS) model was performed to cause depression. Depression-Like Behaviors in animals were determined using open-field test, forced swimming test and sucrose consumption. Animal spatial learning and memory was assessed using the Morris water maze. The oxidative status of the hippocampus and serum corticosterone level assessed. A reduction in the tendency to consume sucrose, mobility, and curiosity, as well as learning and memory disorders were observed in CUMS animals. Depressed animals treated with SO2 showed a significant improvement in behavioral and cognitive functions. SO2 also reduced neuronal damage and lipid peroxidation of the hippocampus and serum corticosterone level in the CUMS group. Various evidences supports a mutual relationship between inflammation and depression, also growing studies shows the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of mood-related disorders such as depression. In this study, increased hippocampal malondialdehyde (MDA) and serum corticosterone levels can be reasons for the existence of oxidative stress and possible activation of inflammatory processes. SO2 donors reduced MDA and corticosterone levels in depressed animals. According to these results, SO2 may have been able to reduce tissue damage and eventually behavioral disorders caused by depression by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.
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