In the race for a safe and effective vaccine against Coronavirus disease-19 manufacturer plays a critical role throughout the development, clinical trial, manufacturing, supply, and vaccination phases. For the efficacy of Coronavirus disease-19 vaccine, proper transport, storage, vaccine carrier, adjuvant, dosage form and route of vaccine administration plays a crucial role for immune response. In the context of no more people were willing to pay for a Coronavirus disease-19 vaccine the logistics of manufacturing, storing and distributing the vaccine, and mass vaccination are essential. It is urgent to improve health promotion and reduce the barriers to Coronavirus disease-19 vaccination.Keywords: COVID-19; vaccine development; vaccination
Background: Chhaupadi is the old unscientific system in mid and far western parts of Nepal. Reproductive age women were considered unclean during the menstrual and delivery period. Invisible cultural taboos and practices were prevailing in each and every household. The objective of the study is to assess the associated factors affecting during Chhaupadi and delivery practice with their health outcome. Method: The cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted amongst 175 reproductive age women in Bajura districts of Nepal, by using multistage random sampling. Both qualitative and quantitative methods was used. All the data were entered in Ms excel and exported into SPSS 16.0. The necessary descriptive and inferential statistics was used for quantitative analysis and thematic analysis was done for qualitative analysis. Results: More than one third (38.9%) of the participants were in the age group 20-29 years. Almost all the participants were from Hindu religion. The majority (91%) of participants know about the Chhaupadi system. Almost (74%) of the participants were staying in the Chhaupadi hut during menstruation. Similarly, (78.3%) of the respondents were mentioned, they did not like the Chhau system and never like to continued. There is a significant association between health effect in women and the Chhaupadi system (p < 0.031). Conclusion: It shows that the larger proportion of women in Bajura District still believes in old unscientific tales and Chhaupadi practices which lead to the different health problems.
BACKGROUND E-cigarettes present an opportunity to increase the tobacco cessation rates, and thereby suppress the largest cause of global death significantly. Though E-cigarettes are perceived as less harmful than conventional cigarettes still their effectiveness as a tobacco cessation tool, their difference with other prescribed tobacco cessation methods and their long term effects are yet to be synthesized precisely. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to provide evidence of existing literature in case of harm reduction by e-cigarettes among adolescent. METHODS To explore the available evidence on the effect of electronic cigarettes in harm reduction among the adolescents, we followed the Standard method of Cochrane for conducting a systematic review. Total 13 bibliographic and impact evaluation database will be searched using a comprehensive search strategy. RCTs and quasi experimental studies on e-cigarettes usability which has been published scientific journals will be included. Timeframe for searching relevant articles for the review were limited between January 2003 and June 2018. The intervention provided to the adult population (population aged 19 years and above), adolescents with pregnancy and adolescents having an other diseased condition will be excluded. Any trial, which is ongoing, published protocol of trials, traditional reviews and systematic reviews will be excluded. Letter to editor, editorial comments and conference proceedings were excluded as well. Articles published only in English language will be included. RESULTS Narrative synthesis of included articles will be provided, including the quality assessment using standard tools. Pooled estimation will be provided regarding harm reduction and smoking cessation where applicable. CONCLUSIONS Not applicable CLINICALTRIAL PROSPERO registration of the systematic review is CRD42018106691
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