In the arid and semi-arid tropics, low annual rainfall together with high intensity rains has resulted in excess runoV, soil erosion and low moisture intake leading to poor crop yields. Therefore, adoption of soil and water conservation measures is necessary for the optimal utilization of natural resources and to increase the productivity of land on a sustainable basis. Remote sensing and G IS techniques can be used for generating development plans for the watershed area in consonance with the production potential and limitation of terrain resources, and can also be used for assessing the impact of these measures before actual implementation in the eld. This paper describes a case study for the Jasdan taluka (district ) of Rajkot in G ujarat, India. The aims are to prioritize watersheds on the basis of runoV generated, expressed as yield, due to existing land use conditions; to suggest soil and water conservation measures; and to evaluate the hydrologic response of these measures on runoV. The Soil Conservation Service Curve N umber (CN ) method was used for computing the runoV; subsequently runoV yield in percentage was calculated for prioritizing the watersheds. Satellite and other collateral data were used to identify the problems and potential in the watersheds and recommend measures for soil and water conservation. The impact of these measures was assessed by computing runoV under alternative land use and management practices. It was found that the runoV yield decreased by 42.88% of the pre-conservation value for the watershed.*Currently on leave from ISRO . P resent address: D epartment of G eography, 217-1984, West M all,

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This report explores some of the thorniest water crises taking place across the developing world. In southern Iraq, severe water quality problems have triggered social unrest and violent protests. Recent droughts in India have prompted an exodus of farmers from the countryside in Maharashtra and dried up the reservoirs serving the city of Chennai. Across the African Sahel, there are violent conflicts between farmers and pastoralists over water and productive land resources. In Yemen, urban water systems have been targets of persistent attacks during the ongoing conflict in the country. Drawing on the report’s six in-depth case studies — from Iraq, Iran, India, the African Sahel, Central America and Yemen — as well as other recent research, the authors identify strategies to reduce water-related security risks. These solutions are organized into four broad categories: natural resources, science and engineering approaches; political and legal tools; economic and financial tools; and policy and governance strategies. The framework presented in this report provides decision-makers with options for tailoring solution sets to unique water challenges. It is intended for global development, diplomacy, defense and disaster response experts, as well as for national- and river basin-level decision-makers charged with addressing natural resource–based conflict, migration and other forms of insecurity. This report is research for action. It provides the evidence, examples and solution-oriented analysis that decision-makers need to avert water crises around the world. As the costs of inaction rise, policymakers should work to overcome barriers to implementation by increasing political will and recognizing the benefits of improved water resources management, drought response, flood prevention and access to safe, reliable and affordable water for all.

Emerging technologies include remote sensing, global positioning systems (GPS), geographic information systems (GIS), and the Internet of Things. The Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data analysis, and artificial intelligence (AI) are all the promising tools that are being used to solve complications, improve agricultural operations, and reduce expenses. Satellite remote sensing has been indispensable in understanding Earth and atmospheric dynamics over the last five decades. When compared to ground or aerial sensor acquisitions, satellite sensors have the ability to provide data at global sizes at a lower cost. With the support of satellite remote sensing, the scientific community has attained significant progress in recent years. In consideration of these efforts, the current study is intended to provide a comprehensive review of the function of remote sensing in assessing different water security challenges and other purposes. Crop production forecasting, drought assessment, cropping system analysis, horticultural assessment and development, crop development, thorough site analysis, satellite agro-meteorology, precision farming, crop insurance, and other operational big agricultural applications are examples. This research examines various uses as well as potential gaps in the market.

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