Aims This study was designed to investigate the penetration of second-, third-and fourthgeneration topical fluoroquinolone into aqueous and vitreous humour in a rabbit endophthalmitis model. Methods Thirty New Zealand white rabbits were divided into six groups. Left eye was infected with an intravitreal inoculum of Staphylococcus aureus. Groups 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 received topical ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, lomefloxacin, levofloxacin, or moxifloxacin treatment 24 h after the inoculation, respectively. No treatment was given to group 6 as the control group (n ¼ 5). Aqueous and vitreous samples were obtained 30 min after the last drop. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the fluoroquinolone concentration. Results In the normal and inflamed eyes, mean aqueous concentrations of ofloxacin were 1.90 and 2.69 lg/ml, ciprofloxacin were 2.16 and 3.65 lg/ml, lomefloxacin were 3.54 and 1.19 lg/ml, levofloxacin were 2.89 and 9.41 lg/ ml, and moxifloxacin were 4.92 and 43.33 lg/ ml, respectively. Mean vitreous concentrations of ofloxacin were 0.25 and 0.07 lg/ml, ciprofloxacin were 0.08 and 0.32 lg/ml, lomefloxacin were 0.001 and 0.03 lg/ml, levofloxacin were 0.03 and 0.09 lg/ml, and moxifloxacin were 0.28 and 2.68 lg/ml, in normal and inflamed eyes, respectively. Moxifloxacin achieved a significantly higher concentration in aqueous and vitreous humour of infected eyes compared with ofloxacin (Po0.01), ciprofloxacin (Po0.05), lomefloxacin (Po0.01), and levofloxacin (Po0.05). Conclusion This study demonstrated that fourth-generation fluoroquinolone, moxifloxacin, seems to have better penetration to inflamed ocular tissues in rabbit.

This study showed that plasma phenytoin level appeared to be a risk factor for phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth.

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Although the frequency of the NAT2*5B allele, responsible for slow acetylation, was slightly higher in patients than historic controls, our results failed to show an association between NAT2-acetylator status and risk for developing Behçet's disease.

Cyclophosphamide (CPA) and adriamycin (ADR) are widely used drugs for cancer chemotherapy. It has been reported that CPA and ADR singly or in combination could alter activities of a variety of drug-metabolizing enzymes in animals via multiple mechanisms. However, the effects of CPA/ADR on drug metabolism are largely unknown in human beings. Losartan metabolism has been suggested as a marker for determination of CYP2C9 activity. Caffeine is a commonly used probe to assess the metabolic activities of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) and xanthine oxidase (XO). The present study was designed to analyze the effects of CPA/ADR on these drug-metabolizing enzymes by using losartan and caffeine as probe drugs. A single oral dose of 25 mg losartan and a cup of instant coffee was given to 15 breast cancer patients on three occasions (before, and 2-4 h and 3 weeks after the adjuvant CPA/ADR chemotherapy [600 mg CPA/m2/day, 60 mg ADR/m2/day]). Losartan, caffeine and their metabolites were analyzed by using high-pressure liquid chromatography. When compared with baseline, CYP1A2 activity was increased by 20% and CYP2C9 activity was decreased by 315% 3 weeks after the administration of CPA/ADR chemotherapy (p = 0.05). The chemotherapy did not change the activities of CYP2A6, NAT2 or XO. CPA/ADR treatment caused a differential effect on drug-metabolizing enzyme activities, and this may contribute to predicting the efficacy and toxicity of chemotherapeutics, as well as understanding the drug-drug interactions.