Parallel to the rapid growth of the population, the rate of consumption is increasing all over the world; this causes significant increases in the amount of waste. Thanks to the recycling of waste, not only environmental pollution is prevented but also a great contribution to the economy is made. One of the basic conditions for ensuring maximum performance in recycling processes is the classification of wastes according to their contents. At this stage, minimizing the human factor is an important issue in terms of time, labor, and performance of recycling facilities. In this research, paper, glass, plastic, and organic waste pictures obtained from the external environment were classified with the help of machine learning techniques. In classification, four-and five-layer deep convolutional neural networks algorithms were used. According to the results of the research, five-layer architecture was able to distinguish the wastes with a 70% accuracy rate. In the research, as the number of layers decreased, the performance values of the networks decreased. In the four-layer architecture, wastes could be separated by a rate of 61.67%. In both network architectures, the accuracy rate in differentiating plastic wastes from other wastes was found to be lower. The accuracy rate in the classification of plastic wastes was determined as 37% and 56.7% in four-layer and five-layer DCNN architectures, respectively. In the research, organic wastes were distinguished with higher accuracy compared to other wastes. The accuracy rate in the classification of organic wastes was determined as 83% and 76.7% in four-and five-layered DCNN architectures, respectively.
Introduction One of the most important greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide (CO 2) because it makes up to 60% of the total greenhouse gases. CO 2 is released from soil by respiration. These respirations can be classified as microbial respiration, root respiration, and faunal respiration. Soil respiration occurs at the soil surface or within the upper layer of soil. The level of agricultural mechanization and the increase in field traffic increase soil compaction (Altıkat, 2013). As a result of soil compaction, soil aggregate size distribution and soil porosity change. This situation affects the soil microbial population and functions because of the decrease in C mineralization (Grigal, 2000) and C-N ratio (Li et al., 2004). The soil pore system in compacted soil is generally unfavorable for oxic microbes because this situation generally restricts the gas-water ratio (Beylich et al., 2010) and causes a lower O 2 diffusion rate (Bilen et al., 2010). Compaction not only prevents O 2 from being transported to the root surface, but also prevents CO 2 and toxic gases (both evolved and resident) from being removed from around the roots and vented to the atmosphere (Altıkat, 2013; Akbolat, 2009). Poor gas exchange causes the anaerobic layer to move closer to the surface and reduces rooting volume. Application of farmyard manure in the soil generally increases CO 2 emissions (Fangueiro et al., 2008). Farmyard manure application to the soil can usually be performed with two methods: surface and subsurface applications. In subsurface application, farmyard manure is generally spread on the soil and then mixed with tillage machinery such as a plow and rotary tiller. Liquid manure can also be injected into the soil. Some researchers have reported that injection of liquid manure can reduce the nutrient transport by runoff (Daverede et al., 2004) and reduce NH 3 emissions compared to surface application (Misselbrook et al., 1996). The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of wheel traffic, farmyard manure application technique, and manure amount on soil CO 2 emissions, O 2 content, soil temperature, and moisture content. Our specific hypotheses were as follows: 1) an increase in wheel traffic will result in a decrease in CO 2 emissions from the soil to the atmosphere, and a similar effect will be seen in the Abstract: This 2-year field study investigated the effects of different wheel traffic passes, manure amounts, and manure application methods on soil temperature, soil moisture, CO 2 emission, and soil O 2 content. To achieve this purpose, three different wheel traffic applications (no traffic, one pass, and two passes) were used. In the experiments, two different methods of manure applications (surface and subsurface) and three different farmyard manure amounts were used with a control plot (N0), 40 Mg ha-1 (N40), and 80 Mg ha-1 (N80). Manure was applied in both years of the experiment in the first week of April. For the subsurface application, the manure was mixed in at approximately 10 cm of soil depth with a rotary...
The nitrophenols (NPs) are water-soluble compounds. These compounds pose a significant health threat since they are priority environmental pollutants. In this study, 2-Nitrophenol (2NP) and 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) were examined for embryo and early life stage toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Acute toxicity and teratogenicity of 2NP and DNP were tested for 4 days using zebrafish embryos. The typical lesions observed were no somite formation, incomplete eye and head development, tail curvature, weak pigmentation (≤48 hours postfertilization (hpf)), kyphosis, scoliosis, yolk sac deformity, and nonpigmentation (72 hpf). Also, embryo and larval mortality increased and hatching success decreased. The severity of abnormalities and mortalities were concentration- and compound-dependent. Of the compounds tested, 2,4-DNP was found to be highly toxic to the fish embryos following exposure. The median lethal concentrations and median effective concentrations for 2NP are 18.7 mg/L and 7.9 mg/L, respectively; the corresponding values for DNP are 9.65 mg/L and 3.05 mg/L for 48 h. The chorda deformity was the most sensitive endpoint measured. It is suggested that the embryotoxicity may be mediated by an oxidative phosphorylation uncoupling mechanism. This article is the first to describe the teratogenicity and embryotoxicity of two NPs to the early life stages of zebrafish.
In this research effect of different soil types (normal and saline), farmyard manure norms (2 ton/ha-4 ton/ha), manure application techniques (surface and subsurface) and soil temperature levels (20-25°C, 25-30°C, 30-35°C, 35-40°C, 40-45°C and 45-50°C) were examined of the soil CO 2 flux on the pots at the laboratory conditions. According to obtained results, soil type (ST), manure norm (MN), manure application technique (MAT) and soil temperature (T) values changed CO 2 flux. CO 2 flux value of saline soil condition smaller than the normal soil condition. As an expected result, increased the manure amount increased the CO 2 flux from soil to atmosphere. However, CO 2 flux on the condition that subsurface manure application was less than surface manure application. CO 2 flux values at the high soil temperatures were more than low soil temperature conditions. According to the interaction (T*ST, T*MN and T*MAT) results were not statistically significant. Soil CO 2 flux were affected by gradually increasing of temperature.
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