The objective of this study was to investigate the determining effects of diagnosis time on pregnancy outcomes in a population of pregnant women with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Records of all the pregnant women with thrombocytopenia were evaluated. Those with a confirmed diagnosis of ITP were included in the study. Main outcome measures were antenatal thrombocyte count, postpartum haemorrhage rate, and route of delivery. Foetal outcomes such as foetal thrombocyte count, haemorrhage, and birth weight were also reported as secondary outcome measures. Time of diagnosis either antenatal or preconception did not significantly alter the investigated parameters. Delivery route had no impact on complication rates. Time of diagnosis also did not affect treatment modality. ITP is rare disorder accounting for less than 5 % of all pregnant thrombocytopenias. Time of diagnosis does not affect maternal-foetal outcomes or treatment modality unless diagnosis is made during labour. Compared to gestational thrombocytopenia, treatment rates may differ but treatment modalities remain the same and the effort put into making the differential should be weighed against maternal stress factors for lengthy laboratory evaluation as long as the thrombocytopenia is of pure nature without any systemic involvement.

Background: Consecutive measurements of β-hCG levels and sonographic evaluation of adnexae are critical for choosing the optimal management in ampullar tubal ectopic pregnancies (EP). To select suitable patients for conservative approach, there is a need for an affordable and reliable marker for determining rupture risk. Evaluation of systemic inflammatory markers in combination with serum β-hCG levels and ultrasound might help to decide the appropriate treatment option. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in determining the rupture risk in ampullar tubal EPs and to compare with intraoperative findings. Methods: A total of 142 patients who underwent surgery for tubal EP were included. Seventy-two patients were in the intraoperatively diagnosed tubal rupture group and 70 patients without rupture findings were included in the control group. Both groups were compared for inflammation markers, β-hCG levels, and sonographic findings. Results: Both NLR and PLR levels were found to be significantly higher in the tubal rupture group (4.62 ± 3.13 vs. 2.67 ± 1.43, 162.94 ± 63.61 vs. 115.84 ± 41.15, p < 0.01, respectively). According to the receiver operating characteristic analysis performed for the diagnostic performance of tubal diameter measurement, β-hCG, NLR, and PLR levels were significantly associated with histopathologically confirmed tubal rupture (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Systemic inflammatory markers are feasible and affordable tools for predicting tubal rupture risk in ampullar EPs and might be useful for determining surgery decision especially in low resource settings.

Objective:The rate of concomitant endometrial carcinoma in patients with atypical endometrial hyperplasia is high. We aimed to investigate the role of lymphadenectomy in deciding adjuvant treatment in patients with concomitant atypical endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma.Material and Methods:Women with atypical endometrial hyperplasia were enrolled in this retrospective study. Lymph node dissection was performed in only some patients who gave informed consent if their surgeon elected to do so, or if the intraoperative findings necessitated. The final histopathologic evaluations of surgical specimens were compared with endometrial biopsy results.Results:Eighty eligible patients were evaluated. Seventy-two (90%) patients had complex hyperplasia with atypia, and 8 (10%) patients had simple hyperplasia with atypia. Hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy were performed to all patients; 37 also underwent lymph node dissection. Lymph node dissection was extended to the paraaortic region in 9 of 37 patients. The concomitant endometrial carcinoma rate was 50%. Two patients had lymph node metastasis. Among 40 cases of carcinoma, 17 had deep myometrial invasion and/or cervical or ovarian involvement or grade 2 tumors with superficial myometrial invasion on hysterectomy specimens; 27.5% of all carcinomas were stage Ib or higher.Conclusion:The concomitant endometrial carcinoma rate was high in patients with atypical endometrial hyperplasia. Nearly half of these patients had risk factors for extrauterine spread. Lymph node dissection might be helpful to decide adjuvant treatment.

Aim: To evaluate the diagnostic value of striae gravidarum (SG) presence and localization in predicting the intraperitoneal adhesion (IPA) risk in pregnant women with a history of at least one previous cesarean delivery (CD). Methods: A total of 100 pregnant women with repeated CD were included in this prospective observational study. Patients were divided into three groups according to severity of SG with Davey scoring system. Intraoperative adhesion severity and extension were evaluated by using Nair classification system. Moreover, operation duration and neonatal outcomes were analyzed. Results: Demographic features were comparable between the groups. Adhesion scores were significantly higher in mild and severe SG groups (for mild SG: 1.93 AE 0.99, for severe SG: 2.81 AE 0.88 and for no SG: 1.4 AE 0.57; P < 0.001). Analysis revealed a positive correlation between IPA and severity of SG (P < 0.001). There was a correlation between increased striae density and adhesion severity especially in the right and left upper quadrants of the abdomen (for right quadrant: r = 0.515, P < 0.001; for left quadrant: r = 0.359, P = 0.005). Conclusion: Our results suggest that preoperative evaluation of SG severity and extend particularly in upper quadrants is a feasible option to predict IPA risk in patients with repeated CD.

ÖZETİnfertilite, reprodüktif çağda olan bir çiftin herhangi bir doğum kontrol yöntemi kullanmaksızın, en az bir yıl düzenli cinsel ilişkiye rağmen gebelik elde edilememesi olarak tanımlanır. Yaklaşık olarak çiftlerin %13-15' ini etkilemektedir. Açıklanamayan infertilite ise sperm analizi, ovulasyon testleri, tubal patolojileri değerlendiren tetkiklerinde herhangi bir anormallik saptanamayan olgularda tanımlanan durumdur. Açıklanamayan infertilite prevalansı %22-28 arasında değişmektedir. Açıklanamayan infertilite etiyolojisi; immünolojik, endokrinolojik ve genetik faktörleri de içeren geniş bir heterojeniteye sahiptir. Tedavi planlamasında, daha az kaynak gerektiren ve yan etki profili daha dar olan opsiyonlar ile başlanmalı, cevap alınamaması durumunda daha agresif ve kapsamlı tedavilere geçilmesi akılcı yaklaşım olacaktır. Tedavi yönetiminde ilk aşamada ekspektan yaklaşım ve yaşam tarzı değişiklikleri denenmelidir. Yanlızca klomifen sitrat ya da yanlızca intrauterin inseminasyon kullanımının etkili olmadığı gösterilmiştir. Bu nedenle hastanın yaşı ve over rezervi de göz önüne alınarak, ekspektan tedaviyi takiben, kullanılması gereken ilk basamak tedavi klomifen sitrat ile intrauterine inseminasyon kombinasyonudur. Bu yaklaşım ile siklus başına gebelik oranı yaklaşık %10'lara çıkmaktadır. Yönetimde temel yaklaşım; nedenin izahından çok, fertilite ihtimalini arttıran tedavi modaliteleri arasından, daha basit ve maliyeti düşük olandan, daha kapsamlı ve agresif olan seçeneklere basamak basamak geçilmesi ve tedavilerin çiftler bazında bireyselleştirilmesidir. Anahtar kelimeler: Açıklanamayan infertilite, intrauterin inseminasyon, invitro fertilizasyon ABSTRACT Infertility is defined by the failure to achieve a successful pregnancy after 12 months, timed unprotected intercourse. Almost 13-15 percent of the couples suffer from infertility. Unexplained infertility is the term of determining no abnormalities in sperm analysis, ovulatory and tubal function examinations. The prevalence of unexplained infertility varies between 22 and 28 percent.

A 55-year-old, G 3 P 3 , postmenopausal woman was presented to her primary care provider with a complaint of postmenopausal haemorrhage. Her body mass index was 27.3 kg/m 2 . Her personal and family history was unremarkable. Initial pelvic ultrasonography examination had revealed 13 mm endometrial thickness and a 45x41 mm measured adnexal mass in the right side and endometrial biopsy was planned in the primary clinic. The histopathological diagnosis of the endometrial biopsy was reported as adenocarcinoma of endometrium. After this result, patient was referred to our tertiary clinic for detailed examination and further treatment.Her physical examination and vital findings were normal. Pelvic examination was normal and no palpable masses were noticed. Transvaginal Ultrasonogram (TVUSG) showed slight thickening of the endometrium and heterogeneous mass located in the right adnexal area (53x42 mm) containing multiple foci of calcification and thin septas. Computerized Tomography (CT) scan revealed a 57x48 mm right adnexial mass [Table/ Fig-1] and neither adenopathies nor other significant findings were found in the remainder of the abdomen. Tumour markers were within the normal range (CA-125: 18.3 IU/ml).Under a diagnosis of endometrial adenocarcinoma, debulking surgery was planned. Following peritoneal washing sampling, indeterminate right adnexal mass was visualized and unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy performed and specimen sent to frozen section examination [Table/ Fig-2]. Intraoperative pathological findings resulted as mucinous adenocarcinoma of the ovary. Then, total abdominal hysterectomy, contralateral salpingo-oophorectomy, bilateral pelvic and para-aortic lymph node dissection, total omentectomy and appendectomy were performed.Final pathology result was reported as synchronous stage IA grade 2 endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the uterus, stage IA grade 2 mucinous adenocarcinoma of the right ovary and in situ serous cystadenocarcinoma of the right fallopian tube. Uterine corpus specimen was reported with minimal myometrial invasion and neither squamous differentiation nor lymphovascular invasion was seen. There was no tumour on the surface of the right oophorectomy specimen and also peritoneal washing sample, appendix and omental biopsies were negative. A total of 33 lymph nodes were evaluated and all were reported as negative. All of the three tumours were accepted as different primaries due to final pathologic evaluation.In the postoperative period, patient was discharged and referred to the medical oncology council and they did not suggest any adjuvant therapy. In the follow up stage, CT scans and gynaecologic exams showed no evidence of disease and routine mammographies excluded breast diseases. DisCussionSynchronous malignancies in female genital tract are rare. Previous authors have reported synchronous malignancy incidence among gynaecologic neoplasms between 0.8% and 1.7% [1,2]. The most common malignancies in genital tract that coexist together are ovary and endometrium. A 5% of the endometrial car...

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Aim: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of anxiety on intrauterine insemination (IUI) results in couples with unexplained infertility. Second, the relationship between difficulty level of IUI procedure and anxiety were investigated. Methods: A total of 100 women undergoing first IUI treatment were enrolled into this prospective cross-sectional study. Participants were asked to complete the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) before the IUI procedure and classified into two groups according to the anxiety score (minimal anxiety; BAI score <8, n = 73 and mild-to-moderate anxiety; BAI score ≥8, n = 27). Cervical condition was evaluated with speculum and presence of congenital anomalies, extensive leucorrhea or polypoid lesions were classified as unfavorable cervix. All of the patients were evaluated for difficulty of IUI and asked to state the severity of their pain with a visual analog scale after the procedure. Clinical pregnancy rates were also analyzed. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of pregnancy rates (12.3% vs 14.8%, P = 0.743). visual analog scale score was significantly higher in mild-to-moderate anxiety group (P = 0.002). Anxiety levels were higher in patients with difficult IUI (10.5 vs 4.3, P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, higher BAI scores (odds ratio: 1.1, 95% confidence interval: 1.0-1.2, P = 0.01) and unfavorable cervical condition (odds ratio: 3.6, 95% confidence interval: 1.2-10.7, P = 0.01) emerged as independent predictors for difficulty of IUI. Conclusion: Evaluation of anxiety before IUI might help to predict difficulty of IUI and related pain. Although anxiety increases the difficulty of IUI, it does not affect pregnancy outcomes of the treatment.