End-stage renal disease in the human immunodeficiency virus-positive population is increasing. Kidney transplant is the optimal therapy for this population rather than dialysis modalities if some criteria are met. These include undetectable plasma human immunodeficiency virus RNA, CD4 cell count over 200 cells/µL, and the absence of any AIDS-defining illness. Here, we describe the first living-donor kidney transplant in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive recipient in Turkey. The patient, a 52-year-old male diagnosed as human immunodeficiency virus positive, was on antiretroviral therapy, which consisted of 400 mg twice daily darunavir, 100 mg/day ritonavir, and 50 mg/day dolutegravir. He had been negative for human immunodeficiency virus RNA for the past 3 years. The patient developed renal insufficiency without any known cause and started hemodialysis. A living donor transplant from his son was performed, and the patient received ATG Fresenius-S (Neovii Biotech, Rapperswil, Switzerland) induction and a maintenance immunosuppression therapy consisting of methylprednisolone, mycophenolate mofetil, and tacrolimus. There were no incidences of delayed graft function or acute rejection. Because of tacrolimus and ritonavir interaction, tacrolimus trough levels were too high. With tacrolimus withdrawn, tacrolimus trough level decreased to detectable levels 2 weeks later. Antiretroviral therapy was continued on the same dosage. At month 4 posttransplant, the patient's creatinine level was 1.01 mg/dL. At present, the patient has had no complications and no episodes of rejection. Kidney transplant is the most favorable replacement therapy for HIV-positive patients who are under controlled AIDS care with highly active antiretroviral therapy. However, drug interactions should be carefully evaluated. Key words: HIV infection, Immunosuppression, Renal transplantation IntroductionThe introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy has reduced the mortality and progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, end-stage renal disease can occur in patients who are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive. A broad spectrum of diseases such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and glomerular diseases are the major causes of end-stage kidney disease. 1 Human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy is a specific glomerular collapsing sclerosing disease seen in HIV-positive patients. 2 Whatever the cause, renal transplant is the optimal therapy for the HIV-positive population rather than dialysis modalities if some criteria are met. These criteria include undetectable plasma HIV RNA, CD4 cell count over 200 cells/μL, and the absence of any AIDS-defining illnesses. 3 Over time, the best immunosuppression modalities have become better known for this population of patients. However, drug interactions are still important points with immunosuppression therapy. Delayed graft function (DGF) and acute rejection are the most important issues to be noted carefully during the early posttransplant perio...
Introduction: In this multicenter study, we analysed the magnitude of healthcare worker (HCW) [infection control practitioner (ICP), nurses and others] workforce in hospitals participated in the study. Materials and Methods: This study was performed in 41 hospitals (with intensive care units-ICU) located in 22 cities from seven regions of Turkey. We analysed the ICP workforce, nursing and auxiliary HCW (AHCW) workforce in ICUs, number of ICU beds and occupied beds in four different days [two of which were in summer during the vacation time (August 27 and 31, 2016) and two others in autumn (October 12 and 15, 2016)]. The Turkish Ministry of Health (TMOH) requires two patients per nurse in level 3 ICUs, three patients per nurse in level 2 ICUs and five patients per nurse in level 1 ICUs. There is no standardization for the number of AHCW in ICUs. Finally, one ICP per 150 hospital beds is required by TMOH. Results: The total number of ICUs, ICU beds and ICPs were 214, 2377 and 111, respectively in he 41 participated centers. The number ICPs was adequate only in 12 hospitals. The percentage of nurses whose working experience was <1 year, was; 19% in level 1 ICUs, 25% in level 2 ICUs and 24% in level 3 ICUs. The number of patients per nurse was mostly <5 in level 1 ICUs whereas the number of patients per nurse in level 3 ICUs was generally >2. The number of patients per other HCW was minimum 3.75 and maximum 4.89 on weekdays and on day shift while it was minimum 5.02 and maximum 7.7 on weekends or on night shift. When we compared the number of level 1, 2 and 3 ICUs with adequate nursing workforce vs inadequate nursing workforce, the p value was <0.0001 at all time points except summer weekend night shift (p=0.002). Conclusion: Our data suggest that ICP workforce is inadequate in Turkey. Besides, HCW workforce is inadequate and almost ¼ of nurses are relatively inexperienced especially in level 3 ICUs. Turkish healthcare system should promptly make necessary arrangements for adequate HCW staffing.
ÖZET GİRİŞSuçiçeği; Varisella Zoster Virüsü'nün (VZV) etken olduğu, genellikle çocuklarda gelişen, veziküller lezyonlar ve ateş yüksek-liği ile seyreden bir hastalıktır. İnkübasyon süresi 10-21 gündür. Virüs, infeksiyonun geçirilmesi sonrası dorsal kök ve gangliyonlarda latent olarak kalmaktadır. Latent virü-sün reaktivasyonu sonrası bulunduğu dermatomda ağrı ile gelişen veziküler dökün-tülü zona zoster infeksiyonu gelişebilmek-tedir. Zona zoster gelişimi açısından en önemli risk faktörleri; ileri yaş, malignite, diyabetes mellitus ve immün supresif ilaç kullanımıdır (1,2,6) .
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