Background Screen media exposure has been increasing in the preschool years. Risky aspects of screen exposure have many potential negative effects on children’s health. We aimed to evaluate problematic screen exposure in Turkish preschool children by using a unique tool called the “Seven-in-Seven Screen Exposure Questionnaire” and to investigate factors associated with problematic screen exposure. Methods A questionnaire form was designed including general descriptive questions in the first part. In the second part, a questionnaire we designed called the “Seven-in-Seven Screen Exposure Questionnaire” was conducted to evaluate problematic screen exposure characteristics. The questionnaire included seven items: daily screen time, viewing with parent(s), setting screen limits, screen exposure during meals and in the hour before bedtime, age of onset of screen exposure, and viewing low-quality content. The total problematic screen exposure score (range 0–13) was generated by summing scores from the seven items. Total scores are classified into two categories: low (< 7) and high (≥ 7). Logistic regression was performed to search for independent parameters associated with problematic screen exposure. Results One thousand two hundred forty-five mother-child pairs participated in this study. The median age of the children was 3.9 (IQR: 2.9–4.7) years and 51% were males. Overall, 280 children (22.5%) had a problematic screen exposure score of ≥7 (high). The median problematic screen exposure score was 4 (IQR: 3–6). Maternal age of < 30 years; paternal age of ≥30 years; maternal educational level of ≤12 years; the age of 24–48 months; home-based daycare; postponing eating, toileting, or sleeping while using a screen; and using touchscreen devices were found to be associated with an increased risk of having a high problematic screen exposure score. Conclusion Developing national scales to monitor problematic screen use in children would be more effective than monitoring screen time alone. All of the screen use characteristics not recommended in children would be evaluated using problematic screen exposure scales. The “Seven-in-Seven Screen Exposure Questionnaire” may serve as an example for further studies.

AimEarly childhood screen exposure leads to multiple adverse health events and parents have a major influence on their children's screen time. Our aim was to determine the association between maternal acceptance–rejection/control behaviours and excessive screen exposure in pre‐school children.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional descriptive study, children aged 2–5 years who had daily screen time <1 h (n = 76) and >4 h (n = 62) were enrolled. A structured survey form and Parental Acceptance–Rejection/Control Questionnaire were completed by mothers.ResultsTotal rejection scores were found to be lower in those with screen time <1 h than cases with >4 h (82.7 ± 13.2, 89.3 ± 17.2; P = 0.015). In addition, higher hostility, neglect and reverse‐affection scores were detected in excessive screen‐exposed group (P = 0.033, P = 0.003, P = 0.047, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that mothers' low acceptance of their children and high neglect score were associated with excessive screen exposure after adjusting possible confounding factors. The undifferentiated rejection and control behaviours of the mothers had no association with excessive screen exposure.ConclusionChildren with excessive screen time may have a problematic relationship with their mothers. The relationship between parent and child should be examined and corrective actions should be taken.

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C eliac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated, chronic, inflammatory and systemic disorder occurred by the ingestion of gluten, which is a compound of water-insoluble proteins. Wheat, barley, rye, and oats are the sources of gluten [1, 2]. The diagnosis of celiac disease depends on the gluten-related symptoms, levels of celiac-specific antibodies, presence of HLA-DQ2/DQ8 haplotypes, and characteristic histological changes in duodenal biopsy [3]. It is presented with various combinations of intestinal and extra-intestinal signs and symptoms in susceptible individuals [2]. Quality of life (QoL) is defined as the perception of individuals about their own position in life in terms of their goals, expectations, standards and concerns within the cultural and value systems [4]. Because of the strict diet, the quality of life of patients with CD has been a ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the associations between celiac disease (CD) and children's life quality and empathy level. METHODS: In this study, all participants aged 8-14 years completed the Turkish version of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory and Index of Empathy for Children and Adolescents. Parents were also applied to the structured survey. RESULTS: This study included a study group consisting of 45 children with celiac disease and a control group with 48 healthy children. The total scores of PedsQL were significantly lower for children with celiac disease when compared to the control group (p<0.05). When the sub-scores of PedsQL were evaluated, scores except the school functioning score (ScFS) were significantly lower in the study group (p<0.05). When IECA was analyzed, total empathy scale scores (TESS) were measured significantly higher in the study group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: This study supports the argument that the quality of life decreases in children with CD. Future studies should aim to develop support models to improve the life quality of celiac patients. To our knowledge, this is the first study proving the increased empathy levels of children with CD. The determinants of the increased empathy levels should be focussed on future studies.