Yarrowia lipolytica is known to have the ability to assimilate hydrophobic substrates like triglycerides, fats, and oils, and to produce single-cell oils, lipases, and organic acids. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different oil sources (borage, canola, sesame, Echium, and trout oils) and oil industry residues (olive pomace oil, hazelnut oil press cake, and sunflower seed oil cake) on the growth, lipid accumulation, and lipase and citric acid production by Y. lipolytica YB 423-12. The maximum biomass and lipid accumulation were observed with linseed oil. Among the tested oil sources and oil industry residues, hazelnut oil press cake was the best medium for lipase production. The Y. lipolytica YB 423-12 strain produced 12.32 ± 1.54 U/mL (lipase activity) of lipase on hazelnut oil press cake medium supplemented with glucose. The best substrate for citric acid production was found to be borage oil, with an output of 5.34 ± 0.94 g/L. The biotechnological production of valuable metabolites such as single-cell oil, lipase, and citric acid could be achieved by using these wastes and low-cost substrates with this strain. Furthermore, the cost of the bio-process could also be significantly reduced by the utilization of various low-cost raw materials, residues, wastes, and renewable resources as substrates for this yeast.

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In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of both using curcumin and microencapsulation method on in vitro release behaivour of chia seed oil and its antioxidant potential during simulated gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Maltodextrin (MD) and gum Arabic (GA) was used as wall materials for freeze dried capsules. Sample 6, having 1:3 MD to GA ratio, 1:5 chia seed oil to wall material ratio and 40% total dry matter content, was found to have the optimum results in terms of emulsion stability (CI% = 0), zeta potential (−32.2 ± 0.8 mV) and size distribution (600 ± 8 nm). Moreover, release profiles of encapsulated chia seed oil samples were evaluated to determine if curcumin addition has any significant effect. The results revealed that curcumin addition decreased the release of chia seed oil from 44.6% to 37.2%. On contrary, it increased total phenolic content of in fraction of intestine to 22 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/L.

Global events like pandemics or climatic changes have an important influence on food systems. Taking into account consumer requirements during the pandemic, nutrition and food safety are very significant for individuals' well-being. Lockdowns, quarantine, and social distancing changed daily routines as well as nutritional behaviors from shopping for food to eating habits. Direct transmission of coronavirus through food was not observed. Food safety and food sustainability are strongly affected due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Unfortunately, the pandemic is still ongoing. For this reason, novel treatments of COVID-19 and immune-boosting food products will remain on-trend. Food loss and food waste should be avoided to achieve a sustainable food future. This chapter reveals a basis for the pandemic about the changes on nutritional behaviors, eating habits, and aimed to highlight the importance of food handling and food safety issues to create awareness. Future studies should investigate the sustainability, innovative technologies, mechanisms, and changes on nutritional behavior and food safety aspects during the pandemic.

Microbial oils are lipids formed by various microorganisms. Microorganisms that are able to accumulate lipids more than 20% of their biomass are named as "oleaginous microorganisms". These oleaginous microorganisms such as bacteria, yeasts, moulds, and algae are able to accumulate SCO (Single Cell Oil) during secondary metabolic growth. Rhodosporidium toruloides Y27012 is an oleaginous red yeast, which accumulates both lipids and carotenoids by using different carbon and nitrogen sources. The aim of this present study was to investigate the effects of different nitrogen, carbon sources, C/N (carbon to nitrogen) ratios, and some additives on cell growth, lipid accumulation and carotenoids production by R. toruloides Y27012. The maximum biomass, lipid accumulation and carotenoids yield were observed with yeast extract and glucose when used as nitrogen and carbon sources, respectively. R. toruloides Y27012 gave the highest values of both biomass and lipid content (53.41±0.93 g/L, 49.83±2.53 %) at C/N ratio of 60, whereas higher nitrogen levels such as C/N ratio of 20 enhanced the production of carotenoids (1001.51±17.87 µg/g). Among the tested additives, ethanol at 10 g/L increased the carotenoids yield up to 1732.17±39.45 µg/g comparing with the control sample at 1001.51±17.87 µg/g. Biomass and lipid contents were found to be higher when acetic acid at 5 g/L was added as an activator (41.97±1.02 g/L, 61.27%±1.77 g/L, respectively). Furthermore, optimization studies for lipid and carotenoids production from R. toruloides Y27012 could be achieved and also cost of fermentation could be reduced by using agro-industrial wastes as an alternative cheap carbon and nitrogen sources to produce valueadded metabolites.