Özet:Günümüzde inovasyon bölgelerin ve ülkelerin ekonomik kalkınma ve büyümelerinin arkasındaki temel güç olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu bağlamda inovasyon faaliyetlerini destekleyen politikalar bütün dünyada popülerleşmiştir. Silikon Vadisi gibi başarılı örnekleri izleyen bilim ve teknoloji parkları ya da teknoparklar, inovasyon faaliyetlerinin coğrafi boyutunu ön plana çıkaran inovasyon politikalarından biridir. Bu çalışmada, teknoparklardaki firmaların ve üniversite gibi kuruluşların arasındaki ilişkiler ışığında coğrafi yakınlığın işbirliklerini ve inovatif ilişkileri ne derece kolaylaştırdığı incelenmektedir. Öncelikle, firmalar için birbirlerine yakın konumlanmış olmalarının, inovasyon performansı yüksek işbirlikleri kuracaklarını garanti etmeyeceğini anlamak gerekir. Ancak, coğrafi yakınlık inovasyon faaliyetleri için gerekli olan organizasyonel ve kurumsal bağlamın oluşturulmasında önemli bir rol oynayabilmektedir. İkinci olarak, bilim ve teknoloji parkları, firmalara bu parkları barındıran üniversite ve diğer araştırma kuruluşlarıyla da ilişkiler kurmaları yönünde fırsat sağlamaktadır. Üniversiteler, bir yandan firmaların inovasyon kapasitelerini arttıracak değerli bilimsel bilgilerin kaynağıyken, öte yandan da firmalara, park dışındaki kuruluşlarla bağlantı kurma ve yeni bilgilere ve kaynaklara erişme olanakları sunmaktadır. Gerek firmalar arasındaki, gerek firmalar ve üniversite arasındaki bu ilişki dinamikleri, bilim ve teknoloji parklarının inovasyon kapasitelerini etkileyen en temel etken olarak ele alınmalıdır.Anahtar kelimeler: teknopark, inovasyon, firma-firma ilişkileri, firma-üniversite ilişkileri JEL kodu: O30 RELATIONSHIP DYNAMICS IN TECHNOPARKS AS SEEDBEDS OF INNOVATION Abstract:Innovation is today widely acknowledged as the driving force of economic development and growth of regions and nations. Thus, policies promoting innovation activities have become popular among industrial policy makers of all countries in the world. Science and technology parks (technoparks), following the successful examples such as Silicon Valley, are one of these policies putting forward the regional dimension of new knowledge creating activities. This study analyzes the extent to which geographical proximity facilitates the collaborative and innovative relationships among firms and university located in these parks. Firstly, it is important to understand that being closely located isn't enough to stimulate collaborative 1 Yrd. Doç. Dr., Beykent Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, aysecagli@beykent.edu.tr
Firms benefit some external effects resulting from the concentration of economic activities in certain regions. These effects called “agglomeration economies” or “agglomeration externalities” are mainly divided into three categories – MAR, Jacobs and Porter externalities –, and regarded as the determinant factors of regional economic development and growth. This study analyzes the impact of agglomeration externalities on employment growth using Turkish data of 43 sectors operating in 81 Turkish cities between years 2001 and 2007. OLS regression analyses are repeated for each sector. As far as the MAR externalities are concerned, their impact on employment growth is found negative in 23 sectors while Jacobs externalities have significant and positive effects only on 4 sectors, most of which are from service sectors. As for Porter externalities, they prove to have positive effect on the regional employment growth for 16 sectors. Moreover, urbanization externalities are found to affect the regional growth positively in 4 sectors and negatively in 1 sector. While the impact of the initial level of regional labor supply is found positive, the initial level of regional employment level has negative effect on employment growth. Finally, the share of high education level in cities is found to have almost no effect on regional growth.
Following the shift to a knowledge-based economy, designing and implementing the right institutions relevant to knowledge production has become the main concern of national industrial policies. Regional clustering appears as a commonly adopted policy tool to promote innovation in developed countries as well as in developing countries. In this regard, this paper examines innovation process in detail and explores the instruments that cluster-based innovation policies must support for promoting innovation. Innovation process may require particular coordination mechanisms at cognitive, institutional and social levels. I first draw a conceptual framework to define the essential aspects that need to be favored by innovation policies. This framework is then used to propose instruments of cluster-based innovation policies. While the idea of regional innovation clusters is mainly based on the geographical dimension of successful innovative activities, the success of clusters depends essentially on coordination mechanisms among the actors involved in the innovation process. Putting forward mostly financial incentives for companies isn't enough for clusters to sustain innovation. These clusters may only continue to promote transient innovation activities and not become the focal of a “learning region”, unless they get embedded into a more complex relational setup.
In recent years the role of foreign direct investments (FDIs) in economic development became very important for emerging economies. Thus, the competition to attract FDIs intensified. Turkey, being an emerging economy, needs to apply correct strategies to attract FDIs. This paper will consider competitive environment for FDIs around the world and evaluates steps taken by Turkey since the year 2000. In doing so, changing rules and regulations will be evaluated. After the experience of 2001 economic crisis, in 2003, Turkey passed Foreign Direct Investment Law and taken other actions to stimulate FDI’s coming to the country. Changes in economic environment, political situation, legal framework and financial stability play roles in bringing inflow of FDIs. This paper will focus on the case of Turkey and will provide policy recommendations to increase the competitiveness in attracting FDIs.
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