Pollen morphology of six Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) taxa belonging to five different groups in the genus [V. georgicum (group E), V. nudatum var. nudatum (group F), V. cariense (group F), V. bithynicum (group H), V. pycnostachyum (group K), and V. lasianthum (group L)] was studied. Pollen slides were prepared according to the Woodhouse method and were examined with light-microscopy (LM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). All studied pollen grains are generally monads, though tetrads (5 %) were observed in Verbascum nudatum var. nudatum. Pollen grains of all studied taxa were determined as isopolar and radially symmetric. In general terms, aperture types are trizonocolporate, but also trisyncolpate (V. lasianthum 10 %, V. pycnostachum 1 %, and V. georgicum 4 %) and trizonocolpate (V. cariense 10 %, V. bithynicum 10%, V. lasianthum 90%, V. pycnostachyum 9%, and V. georgicum 96 %) aperture types were observed. The shapes of the pollen grains were determined as prolate, subprolate, prolate-spheroidal and oblate-spheroidal. The sculpture was reticulate in all cases. The results of the study corroborate that morphological features, such as pollen shape, polar axis length (P), equatorial axis length (L), aperture type, surface ornamentation, muri thickness, and lumina shape, show differences which can be taken into consideration in the systematic discrimination within the groups, and also for discrimination of the groups in the genus.
Objective To determine the size and position of the fetal testes during gestation. Materials and methods The study comprised 48 testes obtained from 24 human fetuses with no congenital abnormalities, aged 14–40 weeks. The development of the fetuses was evaluated by measuring the crown‐rump length. Testicular size was assessed as the height, width, thickness and weight, and the position of testes determined during fetal development. Results The testes in 11 fetuses (22 testes) aged 14–37 weeks were in the abdominal cavity; no testis had descended to the scrotum in any fetus until 27 weeks of gestation. Both testes had descended to the scrotum only in fetuses aged 33–40 weeks. There was no significant difference between right and left testicular size in 13 fetuses (26 testes) aged 27–40 weeks, but size correlated with gestational age (P<0.001). Conclusion All testes had descended to the scrotum by 33 weeks of gestation, but there was considerable variation in position from 27 weeks.
Aim of study: The aim of this study is to reveal the biochemical component and antimicrobial effects of essential oils obtained from different parts of Abies taxa in Türkiye. Material and methods: Essential oils were analyzed for their antibacterial and antifungal activities by using Steam Distillation Method and MIC test against nineteen microorganisms, In the wells where the effect was observed according to the MIC test, the MBC test was performed to determine that the effect was bactericidal or inhibitory (bacteriostatic). For determination of chemical composition; samples of essential oils obtained from plants with Hydrodistillation were analyzed with GC MS QP 2010 Ultra (Shimadzu). Main results: Beta-pinene, cis-Ocimene and Beta-Phellandrene were found to be the main components in all parts of the taxon when looking at the chemical compounds of A. cilicica subsp. isaurica taxon. There are differences in essential oil components in the branches and leaves of A. nordmanniana subsp. nordmanniana and A. cilicica subsp. cilicica taxa in the main components. Highlights: The results of the study reveal that the oils obtained from the leaves, branches and cones of Abies taxa can be used as a supportive health product and for medical purposes with additional studies.
The level of pollution has reached the dimensions that threaten human health, with the rapid urbanization and the increase of energy consumption especially in developing countries. Every year in the world, millions of people lose their lives because of air pollution. Heavy metals have a separate precaution in pollutants, especially in terms of human health, because they can remain intact in nature for long periods of time, they tend to bioaccumulate and some are toxic or carcinogenic even at low concentrations. Therefore, monitoring of heavy metal pollution and determination of risky areas is very important. Biomonitors are the most commonly used methods for monitoring heavy metal pollution. However, determining which organelles are more suitable for monitoring the metal is essential in order to ensure that the monitoring is reliable. In this study, it was aimed to determine the variations of the concentration of Ba, Na, Al, B, Ca, Fe, K, Mg and Mn elements depending on the traffic density in leaves, seeds and branches of Tilia tomentosa which are grown in areas with heavy, low dense and non traffic areas. As a result of the study, it was determined that the heavy metal concentrations in leaves and seeds except Fe were increased due to traffic density. This situation can cause serious problems for human health, especially since the leaves and seeds of linden individuals grown in traffic-intensive areas are consumed as tea.
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