This study aimed to analyze the factors affecting the size of
non-governmental organizations (NGOs) from a multinational perspective.
Empirical analyses were conducted through econometric modeling, and the data
of the 17 countries from 2003 to 2019 were used. The data was obtained from
the World Bank and OECD database. We used advanced panel data estimation
techniques (CUP-FM and CUP-BC) to obtain long-run coefficients. GDP per
Capita, general government final consumption expenditure, adult education at
tertiary level, and Gini index growth declined grants by private agencies
and NGOs? contribution to GDP (GinGDP) initially but after a threshold
level, GinGDP increased with growth at later stages of these variables.
Urban population growth, employment, and foreign population have reducing
effect on the size of NGOs. The size of NGOs has bidirectional causality
relationship between GDP per capita, adult population at tertiary education
level, employment to population ratio, and Gini index; and unidirectional
causality between urban population growth, general government final
consumption expenditure, and foreign population.
This study investigates whether tax structures are significant determinants of cigarette consumption patterns. The study analysed the tax burden on cigarettes in Turkey, and the tax rates were compared with the European Union (EU) countries. Then, it compares smoking trends in Turkey and EU countries. In the study, data from the statistical office of the European Union and the official institutions of Turkey were used. This study concludes that, in contrast to EU countries, ad valorem taxes in Turkey have a larger share than specific taxes. In addition, taxes on cigarettes have a deterrent effect in EU countries but not in Turkey. Thus, taxation techniques may be as important as tax rates in changing consumer preferences.
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