Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants generated primarily during the incomplete combustion of organic materials (e.g., coal, oil, petrol, and wood). Many PAHs have toxic, mutagenic, and/or carcinogenic functions. PAHs are highly lipid soluble which lead to a fast absorption by the gastrointestinal tract of marine mammals. They are immediately distributed in a vast variety of tissues with a notable tendency for localization in body fat. Metabolism of PAHs is obtained via the cytochrome P450-mediated mixed function oxidase system with oxidation or hydroxylation as the first step. PAHs are environmental contaminants that pose significant risk to health of fish. The effect of PAHs on fish is a topic of rising attention in a lot of countries. Different studies using the bile metabolites separated by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection were presented. The aim is to compare the levels of PAH metabolites in fish from different areas and fish species. The major metabolite present in all fish was 1-hydroxypyrene. The data confirm the importance of 1-hydroxypyrene as the key PAH metabolite in fish bile and suggest that the European eel is an ideal species for monitoring PAHs.
It is concluded that the size at first maturity revealed that mature females in the South of Moroccan Atlantic Ocean were smaller than males for the round Sardinella and the opposite was observed for the flat Sardinella. The spawning of S. aurita presented a pick in April and for S. maderensis in July. As a shared stock these findings will be used for stock assessment in the North West Africa area.
Morocco is one of the four regions in the world known for the richness of its fish resources in its coasts (through upwelling). The upwelling phenomenon is the origin of high biological productivity of the regions which results in a strong richness of the pelagic resources (sardines, anchovies, mackerel, etc.). These species were defined as fish living in the sea between the surface and 200 meters deep and characterized by significant horizontal and vertical migration in coastal waters [1]. They make up the largest share of global marine catch and they represent quantitatively the main exploited resources, and account for almost 80 % of catches [2,3]. The socioeconomic importance of sea fishing requires managers to strengthen the biological studies necessary for the evaluation of these resources in order to allow fishermen to make the most of natural stands on one hand, and to safeguard stocks by appropriate regulatory measures on the other hand. The anchovies Engraulis encrasicolus Linnaeus, 1758 are an essential element of food chain [4]. Little is known about the biology of this species in the Atlantic waters of Morocco. It is generally admitted the existence of one unique stock for North West Africa, which extends from Morocco to Sierra Leona. Nowadays, the occurrence of different modal classes detected in acoustic surveys carried out in Moroccan and Mauritanian waters raises out the possibility of the existence of different stocks [5]. Most of the research on the ecology of this species was performed in the northern Mediterranean Sea [6][7][8][9], the Black Sea and the Azov Sea [10][11][12], the Adriatic Sea [13,14] or the Bay of Biscay [15][16][17][18]. Despite the significant economic importance of this species along the North African Atlantic coast, little information is known either on its ecology or biology. Populations of small pelagic fish, such as sardine and anchovy, show evidence of important natural fluctuations in their abundance [19,20]. These fluctuations seem to be related, among other factors, to climate variability [21] or habitat conditions [9]. Growth and reproduction are two important parameters in fish population dynamics. Therefore, the present paper is focused on the study of E. encrasicolus reproduction and growth; particularly sex-ratio, gonado-somatic index, condition factor and the size at first maturity were studied. Maarif, B.P. 5366, Casablanca, Morocco. 3 National Fisheries Research Institute, Sidi Abderrahmane Road, Equestrian Club Ould Jmel, B.P. 20050, Casablanca, Morocco Abstract A study on the sexual cycle, of the European anchovy, the pelagic fish, Engraulis encrasicolus (Clupeiformes, Engraulidae), was carried out in the Central Atlantic Moroccan coast in the period between January 2013 and December 2013. This work represents the first attempt to investigate the reproductive features of the E. encrasicolus population in this area. The sex ratio for all fish (1:1.32) was in favour of females. The macroscopic examination of the gonads showed that this specie is matu...
Otoliths reading and length frequency distribution were used for age determination and growth estimation of Sardinella aurita (round sardinella) stock of Southern Atlantic coast of Morocco. Both otoliths' method for age determination and Bhattacharya’s method for length frequency analysis showed five age groups. The growth performance index revealed that there is significant accordance among method of length frequency distribution and otoliths reading for stock assessment studies of Sardinella aurita stock in the south of Morocco. The microscopic observation of female gonads using histology method was investigated for the first time in our study area and confirms the presence of five principal stages of ovary of sardinella aurita: immature, maturing virgin and recovering spent, mature (or pre-spawning phase), spawning, post-spawning or spent. In addition, our results of the fecundity showed that the mean relative fecundity obtained is estimated at 193 ± 98 oocytes/g which is lower compared to those obtained in other areas in the Atlantic coast.
BackgroundPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are environmental contaminants that pose significant risk to health of fish. Environmental pollution of fish is a topic of rising attention in Morocco. However, only few studies have been carried out so far, describing the potential threat of organic pollution to Moroccan aquatic ecosystem. Two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites, 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH-Pyr) and 1-hydroxyphenanthrene (1-OH-Phen), were identified and quantified from the bile of 18 European eels (Anguilla anguilla), 7 Moray (Muraenidae), and 28 Conger eels (Conger conger) collected from Moulay Bousselham lagoon and Boujdour coast. The bile metabolites were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The present study aims to compare the levels of PAH metabolites in fish from the lagoon and the open sea and to compare levels of PAH metabolites in different fish species.ResultsThe major metabolite present in all fish was 1-hydroxypyrene (
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