The newly emerging, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 virus of clade 2.3.4.4 was recently detected in wild birds and domestic poultry in Egypt in the 2016/2017 winter season. Vaccination based on commercial H5 vaccines is used as an essential control strategy in Egyptian poultry. Here, we studied the efficacy of the eight most common commercial H5 poultry vaccines in the Egyptian market and compared them with an experimental vaccine based on the Egyptian LPAI H5N8 virus that was prepared by using reverse genetics. The experimental vaccine and Re-5 commercial vaccine were able to completely protect chickens and significantly reduce virus shedding. Our results indicate that most of the commercial poultry H5 vaccines used in the present study were ineffective because the seed viruses in these vaccines are genetically distinct from the H5N8 viruses currently circulating in Egypt. Although some of the commercial vaccines protected chickens from mortality, they failed to prevent chickens from shedding the virus. Accordingly, we recommend updating and reinforcing the H5N8 prevention and control strategies in Egypt. The vaccination strategy should be reconsidered based on currently circulating viruses.

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Transmission and storage of medical data using cloud-based Internet-of-health-systems (IoHS) necessitate important prerequisites, such as secrecy, legitimacy, and integrity. This paper recommends a novel hybrid encryption/decryption scheme that can be applied in e-healthcare, or IoHS, for the protection of medical images. The proposed system explores innovative perturbation algorithms that utilize novel chaotic maps. The new maps parameters and chaotic sequences are used to control the permutation and diffusion properties of the scheme. The derived properties control pixel shuffling and operations of substitution. Chaotic behaviors of the proposed system are analyzed using bifurcation diagram, Lyapunov exponents, and NIST and DIEHARD tests. Moreover, evaluation using various test images indicated that the proposed maps have high efficiency and showed high robustness and protection of medical images. Experiments and security review also documented the good ability of the developed cryptosystem to withstand a variety of cyber-attacks. Furthermore, quantitative results using benchmark color and greyscale images prove the high security levels, sensitivity, and low residual intelligibility with high quality recovered data of our technique than several typical and state-of-the-art encryption schemes. This has been documented using statistical and security analysis metrics, such as number of pixels change rate (NPCR, 99.814%), unified average changing intensity (UACI, 33.694%), peak signal-to-noise-ratio (PSNR, 7.723), and entropy (7.9991).

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