This study chronicles the portrayal of the Middle East in various American media that have received scholarly attention, centering on the print and broadcast media. The time frame of the media review in the United States towards the Middle East is from the September 11 th attacks in 2001 until 2019. The article draws on the theory of orientalism to reveal a facet of the media that perpetuates false stereotypes of the Middle East as a threat to US interests, culture, and security. It finds that although the media in America have paid detailed attention to many issues in the Middle East during the last two decades, there are grounds to assume it has failed to comprehend the sociopolitical and economic reasons behind such issues. Coverage of the Middle East in American media during the 21 st century has paralleled the government's official viewpoints and interests in the region.
Language Rights in the United States of America 1. Introduction The field of language planning and policy (LPP) was only recognized and formalized as a separate academic topic during the 1960s. However, activities and policies related to language use, choice maintenance, correctness, and diffusion preservation have always attracted the interests of authorities, groups, and individuals over several millennia. In fact, societies have always valued appropriate, maintenance and correctness usage of languages to ensure respect of language's standards and norms. As an illustration, in approximately 3,000 BC, the much-revered Pānini recorded the sutras of Sanskrit grammar; subsequently creating consensus and uniformity in the language usage (Misha & Prakhasan, 1982; Thieme, 1935). In the scope related to the new language policy as a separate academic subject, it has highly benefited from many other disciplines, such as history, political science, psychology, economic, linguistic and sociology. Namely, what Ricento describes that language planning and policy has been shaped by epistemological factors. Ricento points out that epistemological factors "… concern paradigms of knowledge and research, such as structuralism and postmodernism in the social sciences and humanities, rational choice theory and neo-Marxism in economics and political sciences, and so on." (2000, p. 196). Although language planning and policy is rather a new field, nowadays it has an important role in every society and its scope has been expanded. Language planning and policy outcomes are a critical issue for social coherency, political reformation, economic growth, human rights, history, and identity. In this work language planning and policy is understood as strategic, oriented activity, interventions, deliberations, rules, instructions, law manipulations, negotiations or tactics are undertaken by the federal government, a state, institution, or any authority with the effect of implementing and influencing language attitudes or behaviors. Fundamentally, today's US linguistic picture is no accident nor an ordinary phenomenon in history. The domination of the English language in widespread communication in the US has appeared to be the result of deliberate, careful and purposeful strategies whose main goal has been to maintain an ideological dependence and a linguistic domination(Schmid, 2001). However, English achieved significant hegemony over other languages including indigenous, immigration and foreign languages throughout the US history, not through official policies but by its status achievement(Hornberger, 1998). Language planning and policy in the United States of America has been mostly tolerance orientation throughout its history. LPP in the United States has varied remarkably over time and has been shaped by language ideology that could broadly be pointed out as monolingual and multilingual(Wiley, 2014). Both ideologies have historically been reflected in the US's LPP at different times with different reasons. Hence, there is confusion occu...
This chapter aims to analyze the US's foreign policy priorities toward Jordan in the communications of Obama, through the period from 2009 to 2017. It answers the questions: what were the US's priorities in Jordan during the Obama administration? And how Jordan was described by Obama's communications. This work is a creative one, it uses qualitative and quantitative to investigate Obama's activities toward Jordan. In order to classify the US interests in Jordan, we use Byman and Molle's classification of the US's foreign policy interests in the Middle East: counterterrorism, security of Israel, democratization, nuclear proliferation, and oil. This chapter finds that Obama's foreign strategy and approach had been driven by the maxim of ‘multilateral retrenchment', which designed to achieve the United States foreign commitments, reshape its standing among the world powers, and transfer burdens onto foreign partners. The United States of America under the Obama administration substantially depended on Jordan to solve many regional complex issues and crisis.
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