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Background/aim: This study aims to investigate the association between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and obesity and insulin resistance (IR) with respect to anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), inhibin A (INH-A), inhibin B (INH-B), and insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) levels, all factors which may have an impact on IR. Materials and methods: In this cross sectional study, 52 adolescent girls diagnosed with PCOS [groups: nonobese (NO), n = 23; overweight/obese (OW/O), n = 29] were included. Blood samples were obtained to measure AMH, INH-B, INH-A, and INSL3 levels, together with hormonal and biochemical assessments. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed and the indexes of IR [homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and Matsuda index] were calculated. Results: Insulin resistance was 56.5% with OGTT and 30.4% with HOMA-IR in nonobese-PCOS girls. There was a correlation between INH-A and HOMA-IR even when controlled for body mass index (BMI). INH-B and FAI also had correlations with HOMA-IR which disappeared when controlled for BMI. In regression analyses, AMH (odds ratio = [0.903, P = 0.015) and FAI (odds ratio = 1.353, P = 0.023) are found to be contributors to IR. Their effect was BMI-independent. In ROC analysis, the cutoff value for FAI was 5.93 (sensitivity 71%) to define IR in PCOS girls. Conclusion: AMH and FAI may contribute to IR (defined by OGTT) in PCOS. FAI might be used as a supporting IR marker (defined by OGTT) in adolescent girls with PCOS.

Factors associated with aortic dilation and dissection in patients with Turner syndrome (TS) remain unclear. We assessed magnetic resonance imaging-based aortic diameters at nine predefined anatomic positions and examined associations of increased aortic diameters with B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), A-type NP (ANP), growth hormone treatment, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), and estrogen status. Forty-seven patients with TS aged 7.3-21 years and 34 healthy peers were enrolled in this study. Aortic diameters were higher in patients with TS at three positions than in controls (p < 0.05). History of GH treatment, pubertal status, and serum estradiol levels were not associated with increased aortic diameters. Patients with TS had higher plasma BNP and ANP levels than controls. BNP and IGF1 were independently associated with the increase in aortic diameters in TS at three positions of the ascending aorta (R = 0.361-0.458, p < 0.05 for all). At two positions of the descending aorta, only BNP emerged as an independent variable (R = 0.130-0.139, p < 0.05). We conclude that young, normotensive patients with TS had greater aortic diameters at several positions than healthy controls. BNP and IGF1 were independently associated with increased aortic diameters in TS.

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ÖZETAmaç: Özgül öğrenme bozukluğu (ÖÖB), çocukluk çağında sık görülen ve çeşitli alanlarda işlev kaybı yaratan nörogelişimsel bir bozukluktur. ÖÖB etiyolojisinin çok faktörlü olduğu bilinmekle birlikte bu konudaki bilgiler kısıtlıdır. Bu çalışmada, ÖÖB tanılı çocuklarda ÖÖB patofizyolojisinde sorumlu olabileceği düşünülen beyin kaynaklı nörotrofik faktör (BKNF) serum düzeyinin belirlenmesi ve sağlıklı kontrol grubuyla karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: 7-12 yaş aralığındaki 30 ÖÖB tanılı çocuk ile 30 sağlıklı kontrol çalışmaya dâhil edildi. Çocuklara, Okul Çağı Çocukları için Duygulanım Bozuklukları ve Şizofreni Görüşme Çizelgesi-Şimdi ve Yaşam Boyu Şekli, Wechsler Çocuklar İçin Zeka Ölçeği-gözden geçirilmiş formu (WISC-R), Öğretmen Bilgi Formu ve Özgül Öğrenme Güçlüğü Bataryası uygulandı. Bulgular: ÖÖB tanılı çocuklarla sağlıklı kontrollerin serum BKNF düzeyleri arasında fark bulunmadı. ÖÖB grubunda BKNF düzeyi ile WISC-R puanları ve okuma hızı arasında korelasyon saptanmadı. Sonuç: ÖÖB ile serum BKNF düzeyi arasında ilişki saptanmamıştır. Çalışmamız, bu ilişkiyi inceleyen ilk çalışma olarak ön veriler sağlamıştır. Homojen fenotip içeren geniş örneklemli ileri çalışmaların yapılmasına gereksinim bulunmaktadır. Anahtar Sözcükler: Beyin kaynaklı nörotrofik faktör, öğrenme, çocuk SUMMARY Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Level in Children with Specific Learning DisabilitiesObjective: Specific learning disorder (SLD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder frequently seen in childhood with deficits in many areas of functioning. Although the etiology of SLD is known to be multifactorial, research findings are limited. In this study, we aimed to compare the serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in children with SLD to healthy children to find out whether BDNF has a role in the pathophysiology of SLD. Method:The study included 30 children between the ages of 7-12, diagnosed with SLD and 30 age and gender matched healthy controls. The groups were tested on the Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Interview Schedule for School-age Children-Now and Lifetime Form (K-SADS-PL), the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-revised form (WISC-R), the Teacher Information Form (TIF) and the Specific Learning Difficulty Battery (SLDB). Results:No difference the serum BDNF levels in children with SLD and the healthy controls. BDNF levels did not correlate with the WISC-R scores and reading rate in the SLD group.Conclusion: An association was not determined between SLD and and serum BDNF levels. Our study was the first to investigate this relationship and provided preliminary data on this topic. There is a need for further studies with large patient groups of phenotypic homogeneity.