There are some taxonomic uncertainties within the Turkish members of Satureja. It is extremely difficult to distinguish some of Satureja species because of their great morphological similarity. They are represented by fifteen species in Turkey. In this study, the nutlet surface features of species were examined using both stereoscopic and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The investigated species can be divided into two main types, the more or less smooth and the sculptured, and four subtypes, undulate-reticulate, reticulate, reticulate-protuberculate and papillate-tuberculate. This work offers the description, comparison and illustration of all of these types and subtypes. In addition, the unknown nutlet features of eight Satureja species are described in detail for the first time. It is clear that in future studies, external nutlet characters, especially surface texture, could be useful in species classification of the complex Satureja genus.

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Salvia halophila Hedge (Lamiacae) is an endemic plant species of the Irano–Turanian phytogeographic region. It grows in salt steppes of central Anatolia. Morphological and anatomical features of the plant is examined in this study. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used to describe the morphology of pollen and trichomes. Salvia halophila pollen is shown to be hexacolpate and mostly prolate. The exine is perforated and distictly bireticulate with prominent muri. Morphological characters such as±fleshy leaves, shapes of leaves and calyx, bracts, corolla and type of stamens (B type) are helpful to distinguish species of Salvia. In addition, anatomical characters such as trichome features, crystals, mesophyll structure and vascular bundles in leaves and petioles provide information of taxonomic significance.

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Macro-and micromorphological features of fruit and seeds belonging to 12 taxa genera of Matthiola W.T.Aiton were studied via stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope. In macromorphological studies, the following variables were investigated: the shape, size, and color of fruit and seeds; the length of fruiting pedicel; the structure of the median vein; stigma (horns); and trichome properties and density in fruit. In micromorphological studies, the presence or absence of seed wings, seed coat pattern in disc and wing, and epidermal cell shape in disc and wing were determined. According to our findings, all characters of fruit and seeds are extremely variable and can be used as criteria to distinguish species of the genus.

Th e nutlet morphology of 32 taxa of Stachys sect. Eriostomum (Lamiaceae) has been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and a detailed description of the nutlet morphological features of all examined taxa is provided. We found some groups within Stachys sect. Eriostomum that present nutlet micromorphological characters that appear to be useful in the species-level taxonomy. Th e basic shape of nutlets in most taxa is obovoid or Ϯ rounded and the size ranged between 1.5 and 3.0 mm in length and between 1.0 and 2.5 mm in width. Five basic types of sculpturing can be distinguished: reticulate -tuberculate, reticulate -smooth, reticulate -slightly furrowed, colliculate -tuberculate, colliculatesmooth. Th e reticulate type is the most common among the studied species. Th e colliculate type is characteristic for S. minor and S. cretica subsp. vacillans. Subsection Spectabiles with reticulate-smooth/slightly furrowed sculpturing is easily distinguished from the other subsections. In addition, nutlet micromorphology is useful for separating the subspecies of S. cretica . Th e systematic and biological implications of the nutlet characteristics are briefl y discussed.

Teucrium chamaedrys L. is a member of the Lamiaceae family and is represented in the Flora of Turkey by six subspecies. The aerial organs of T. chamaedrys L. subsp. trapezunticum Rech. fil. and subsp. syspirense (C. Koch) Rech. fil. bears numerous eglandular and glandular trichomes. Eglandular trichomes are simple, long-multicellular with cuticular micropapillae, and glandular hairs are of peltate and capitate types. The peltate hairs consist of a basal cell, a short unicellular stalk, and multicellular secretory head, and the capitate ones possess 1-2 stalk cells and one glandular head cell. The aerial parts were subjected to microdistillation for the isolation of volatiles. The analysis was simultaneously performed by using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The major components were characterized as beta-caryophyllene (18%), nonacosane (12%), germacrene D (11%), caryophyllene oxide (7%), and alpha-pinene (7%) for subsp. trapezunticum, and caryophyllene oxide (23%), alpha-pinene (11%), and caryophyllenol II (5%) for subsp. syspirense.

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