Objective: Alterations in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) may cause impairment in the metabolic processes that can lead to weight gain. The purpose of this study was to determine the difference between the resting energy expenditure (REE) and the resting ANS activity in overweight/obese and normal-weight healthy subjects. Method: Group 1 consisted of 18 subjects with BMI > 25 kg/m², and 20 subjects with BMI ranging from 20 to 25 kg/m² formed group 2. Measurements of low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) power components expressed in normalized units (LFnu, HFnu) and LF/HF ratio were assessed for analysis of heart rate variability, and simultaneously REE measurement was performed. Results: The mean LFnu (27.2% increased) and the LF/HF were higher and the mean HFnu was lower (29.9% decreased) in group 1 than in group 2 (p < 0.01). Although a statistical difference was observed in REE between groups, REE per kilogram corrected for fat-free mass (REE_FFMcorr) was 21.47 ± 2.92 kcal/day/kg in group 1, and 21.56 ± 1.90 kcal/day/kg in group 2, and this difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Conclusion: We concluded that REE_FFMcorr in overweight/obese and normal-weight subjects were similar despite elevated sympathovagal balance in overweight/obese individuals, and REE_FFMcorr should be used to avoid misestimating the REE in obese and normal-weight subjects.

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ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the alterations of walking energy expenditure and plantar pressure distribution in young adults with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS).MethodsThirty five individuals (mean age: 21.31 ± 1.76) with PFPS constituted the patient group and forty healthy participants (mean age: 21.40 ± 2.11) the control group. Preferred walking speeds (PWS) were determined on the over ground. Individuals walked on a treadmill for 7 min at their PWS and 30% above PWS and oxygen consumption was recorded via a metabolic analyzer. Net oxygen consumption was calculated for each walking trial. Borg scale was applied to assess perceived exertion during walking trial. Plantar pressure distributions were measured by a pedobarography device. Plantar area was subdivided into six zones to evaluate the dynamic plantar pressure data.ResultsThe mean PWS of PFPS and control groups were 4.69 ± 0.51 and 4.52 ± 0.60 km/h, respectively (p > .09). No significant difference was observed in energy expenditure during walking at PWS between 2 groups while oxygen consumption during 30% above PWS was higher in patient group (18.72 ± 3.75 and 16.64 ± 3.27) (p = .007). Net oxygen consumption was also found to be higher in PFPS group (15.12 ± 3.62 and 13.04 ± 3.24) (p = .005). The mean Borg scores were significantly higher in PFPS group at each walking trials (p < .001). No statistically significant difference was found between weight distribution (%) of symptomatic and nonsymptomatic extremity (50.45 ± 3.92% and 49.56 ± 3.93%, respectively) (p = .509). Dynamic pedobarography parameters were not different between 2 groups, and also between symptomatic and nonsymptomatic extremities (p > .05).ConclusionAlthough, rate of perceived exertion and energy expenditure during walking at 30% above PWS are affected negatively in young adults with PFPS, we may speculate that energy consumption and plantar pressure distribution can be compensated by a physiologic adaptation mechanism during walking at PWS.Level of evidenceLevel III, Therapeutic Study.

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A AB BS ST TR RA AC CT T O Ob bj je ec ct ti iv ve e: : The aim of this study was to investigate differences in plantar pressure characteristics between preferred and non-preferred foot in elite taekwondo athletes. M Ma at te er ri ia al l a an nd d M Me et th ho od ds s: : The study population consisted of 11 elite taekwondo athletes ages ranged between 19.16±2.72 years. To determine preferred foot, they were also asked which leg they preferred to kick a ball. Plantar pressure distributions were measured by pedobarography device. The relative pressure-loads (%) between preferred and non-preferred foot determined with static pedobarographic measurements while subject stand on the pressure plate. The dynamic pedobarographic measurements were performed to investigate plantar pressure distribution, temporal characteristics and peak pressure asymmetry between preferred and non-preferred foot. R Re es su ul lt ts s: : There was no statistically difference between preferred and non-preferred foot with regard to static measurement results. No significant differences were found between foots for temporal characteristics and peak pressure underneath the ten anatomical areas. The absolute impulse underneath the second metatarsal was significantly higher at preferred foot while absolute impulse of lateral heel was higher at non-preferred foot. The relative impulse of second metatarsal and third metatarsal were also significantly higher at preferred foot. Peak pressure asymmetry was found in favor to non-preferred foot. C Co on nc cl lu us si io on n: : The finding of present study indicates that the peak pressure beneath the preferred and non-preferred foot is not symmetrical. Peak pressure asymmetry finding indicates that preferred and non-preferred foot should be assessed and trained separately to prevent sports injury in taekwondo.K Ke ey yw wo or rd ds s: : Foot symmetry; plantar pressure; symmetry index; taekwondo Ö ÖZ ZE ET T A Am ma aç ç: : Bu çalışmanın amacı elit tekvando sporcularında tercih edilen ve edilmeyen ayaktaki plantar basınç karakteristiklerinin farklılıklarını araştırmaktır. G Ge er re eç ç v ve e Y Yö ön nt te em ml le er r: : Çalışma grubu yaşları 19,16±2,72 yıl olan 11 elit tekvando sporcusundan oluşmaktadır. Tercih edilen ayağın belirlenmesi için bireylere topa hangi ayakla vurdukları soruldu. Plantar basınç dağılımı pedobarografi cihazı ile ölçüldü. Tercih edilen ve edilmeyen ayağa olan basınç yüklenmesi (%) birey platform üzerinde statik olarak ayakta dururken belirlendi. Tercih edilen ve edilmeyen ayaktaki plantar basınç dağılımı, temporal karakteristikler ve pik basınç asimetrisini araştırmak için dinamik pedobarografik ölçümler gerçekleştirildi. B Bu ul lg gu ul la ar r: : Statik ölçüm sonuçlarına göre tercih edilen ve edilmeyen ayaklara olan yük dağılımı istatistiksel olarak farklı değildi. Ayaklar arasında, temporal karakteristikler ve on anatomik bölge altındaki pik basınçlar bakımından anlamlı farklılıklar bulunmadı. Mutlak impals değeri tercih edilen ayakta ikinci metatars altında anlamlı...

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Cite this article as:Erdoğan AT, Dal U, Maraşlıgil B, Beydağı H. Effect of upper extremity swing restrain on walking energy consumption and balance. Turk J Phys Med Rehab 2016;62(4):329-36. ÖZAmaç: Bu çalışmada, kol salınımı kısıtlanmasının tercih edilen yürüme hızı, yürüme sırasında harcanan oksijen miktarı ve vücut kütle merkezi dikey yer değişimi üzerine etkileri araştırıldı. Gereç ve yöntemler:Çalışmaya Şubat 2011 -Nisan 2011 tarihleri arasında yaşları 18-30 yıl arasında değişen 52 sağlıklı erkek gönüllü katıldı ve beş farklı yürüme modeli kullanıldı. Her yürüme modeli için bireylerin zeminde tercih edilen yürüme hızları belirlendi. Bireyler bu hız ile koşu bandında yedi dakika yürütülerek oksijen tüketimleri kaydedildi. Birinci sakral vertebraya işaretleyici yerleştirildi ve iki kızıl ötesi kamera ile yürüme sırasında vücut kütle merkezi dikey yer değişimini belirlemek için kayıt yapıldı. Sonuç: Kol salınımının dengeyi sağlamada yardımcı olduğu, ancak, her iki kol salınımının kısıtlandığı durumlarda biyomekanik sistemlerin bu değişikliği kompanse edemediği için vücut kütle merkezi dikey yer değişimini ve yürümenin oksijen maliyetini artırdığı kanısındayız. Denge sorunu yaşayan bireylerde günlük kazaların önlemesi konusunda bulgularımızın yardımcı olabileceğini düşünmekteyiz.Anahtar sözcükler: Denge; yürüme; oksijen tüketimi; hız; üst ekstremite. ABSTRACTObjectives: This study aims to investigate the effects of arm swing restrain on preferred walking speed, amount of oxygen spent during walking and vertical displacement of the center of mass. Materials and methods:Between February 2011 and April 2011, a total of 52 healthy male volunteers, in the age range of 18 to 30, participated in the study and five different walking models were used. Individuals' preferred walking speeds on the ground were determined for each model. Their oxygen expenditures were recorded while individuals walked on the treadmill at this speed for seven minutes. We placed a marker on the first sacral vertebrae and used two infrared cameras to determine the changes in vertical displacement of the center of mass during walking. Results:We found a significant difference (F(3.734, 204) = 5.606, p<0.05) between normal (0.158±0.021 mL/kg/m) and at side restraint (0.166±022 mL/kg/m) and at front restraint (0.166±023 mL/kg/m) models in oxygen cost. We also found a significant difference (F(3.461, 204) = 5.144, p<0.05) between normal (3.81±0.94 cm) and at side restraint (4.36±1.05 cm) and at front restraint (4.25±0.93 cm) models in terms of vertical displacement of the center of mass. Preferred walking speed in the normal model (5.06±0.62 km/hr) was significantly higher (F(3.387, 204) = 10.433, p<0.05) than other models (at right restraint; 4.93±0.65 km/hr, at left restraint; 4.92±0.62 km/hr, at side restraint; 4.88±0.61 km/hr, and at front restraint; 4.88±0.56 km/hr). Conclusion:We are of the opinion that arm swing helps providing balance but in the situation of both arm restrain, since biomechanical systems cannot compensate this modification,...