This study examined the palatability of 22 antimicrobial suspensions by using five independent categories for scoring: appearance, smell, texture, taste, and aftertaste. The likely overall influence on patient compliance was also evaluated. Drugs were compared within their respective classes. The only antibiotics judged to be so unpalatable as to potentially jeopardize compliance were dicloxacillin, oxacillin, erythromycin/sulfisoxazole, and cefpodoxime. Among the penicillins, amoxicillin and ampicillin were preferred. Azithromycin was slightly superior to erythromycin and clarithromycin within the macrolide class. Many cephalosporins were ranked quite high, the best being loracarbef, cefadroxyl, cefprozil, and cefixime.
Background
Abnormal childhood growth may affect future health. Maternal tenofovir (TFV) use was associated with lower body length and head circumference at one year of age in HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) US children.
Methods
We studied 509 HEU children in the US-based Surveillance Monitoring of ART Toxicities cohort whose HIV-infected mothers were not using antiretrovirals at the last menstrual period and began combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in pregnancy (cART-initiators). We examined adjusted associations between antiretrovirals and CDC 2000 growth z-scores at 2 years of age within trimester of cART initiation: weight (WTZ), length (LNZ), weight-for-length (WFLZ), triceps skinfold z-score (TSFZ), and head circumference (HCZ).
Results
Mothers mean age was 28.6 years; 57% were black non-Hispanic and 19% delivered at <37 weeks gestation. At 2 years, mean WTZ, LNZ, WFLZ, and HCZ, were above average (P<0.05), while TSFZ (P=0.57) did not differ from average. WFLZ was >1.64 SD (>95th percentile) in 13%. Among children of first trimester cART-initiators, TFV+emtricitabine -exposed children had slightly higher mean WFLZ (0.45 SD, 95%CI −0.10, 1.00) and lower TSFZ (−0.55 SD, 95%CI −1.07, −0.02) compared to zidovudine+lamivudine-exposed. TSFZ was lower in those exposed to boosted protease inhibitors. In contrast, growth in children of second trimester cART-initiators did not differ by antiretroviral exposures.
Conclusion
Growth was above average in HEU; 13% were obese. Maternal TFV use was not associated with lower length or head circumference at age two, as hypothesized, but may be related to greater weight among those exposed to cART early in pregnancy.
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