Calcium (Ca) is one of the essential minerals in both terrestrial and aquatic animals (NRC, 2011). It plays key roles in osmoregulation, blood clotting, acid-base equilibrium, bone mineralization, nerve transmission, contraction of muscles, the integrity of cell membrane, skeletal development and enzyme activation (NRC, 2011). Bones and scales are considered the major sites for Ca deposition in fish . In teleost, about 99% Ca is incorporated into their scales and bones (Hossain & Yoshimatsu, 2014). Deficiency of Ca resulted in stunted growth, skeletal deformities and low mineralization in fish (Liu et al., 2021).Generally, it is accepted that most of the fish have the ability to meet their Ca requirement by drinking surrounding water (Lall, 2002).Different structures of fish such as oral epithelia, gills and fins are involved in absorption; however, gills are regarded as the most effective organs for Ca absorption (Flik & Perry, 1989). Freshwater fish have more ability to uptake Ca from surrounding water than marine fish as they have higher serum Ca level than freshwater (Hossain & Yoshimatsu, 2014). They can meet their Ca requirement either
The aim of the current study was to evaluate the toxic effect of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) on biochemical biomarkers, immune responses, and the curative potential effects of vitamin C and E on grass carp. Fish (n = 420) with an average initial body weight of 8.045 ± 0.13 g were shifted to glass aquaria (36 x 18 x 18 inches, filled with 160-L tap water) in triplicates. Aquaria were randomly designated as A, B, C, D with alone Ag-NPs (Control (0), 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 mg/L) and E, F, G with Ag-NPs + Vit. C + Vit. E (0.25+0.25+0.25, 0.50+0.50+0.50, 0.75+0.75+0.75 mg/L). NPs particles were administrated viz, oral and intravenous routes for 7 days. The results indicated that both routes had non-significant effect, but levels of Ag-NPs had significant effect. Treatments C, D and G showed significant decrease in levels of RBC, HGB and HCT except for WBC and NEUT levels, which significantly increased. ALT, ALP, AST, urea, and creatinine showed significant increase in activity in the C, D, and G groups. CAT, SOD decreased significantly in all Ag-NPs alone groups, while significantly increased with vitamin E and C. LYZ, TP, ALB, GLB showed significant low activity in the B, C, and D groups while significantly high activity in the E, F, and G groups. Cortisol, glucose and triglycerides showed significant increase in the B, C, and D groups, while E, F, and G groups showed significant low levels of triglycerides, COR, and GLU. Cholesterol level was same across all treatment groups. In conclusion, vitamin E and C as powerful antioxidants protect the fish against Ag-NPs except high dose level of 0.75mg/L, while 0.25mg/L of Ag-NPs was presumably safe for C. idella.
Vitamin C (VC) is a necessary nutrient for normal fish physiology and immunity.Therefore, A 60-day feeding trial was designed to evaluate the dietary VC requirements of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). Six isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets were formulated by incorporation of VC at 0, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg kg −1 levels and the analysed VC content in diet was 5.7, 51.1, 95.3, 191.6, 370.7 and 757.5 mg kg −1 respectively. At the trial termination, VC supplementation significantly enhanced the growth and feed utilization. The highest values for whole body crude protein were recorded at 95.3 and 191.6 mg kg −1 of VC. In comparison to the basal diet, VC supplementation improved (p < 0.05) the whole body crude fat. Dietary VC had a dose-dependent effect on the white blood cell count and haematocrit. A significant increase in the alkaline phosphatase activity was recorded for fish fed 5.7 to 95.3 mg kg −1 of VC, attaining a constant value afterwards (95.3-757.5 mg kg −1 of VC). In comparison, dietary VC decreased (p < 0.05) the aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities. Similarly, the glucose content also decreased significantly from 5.7 to 95.3 mg kg −1 of VC and became constant thereafter. Dietary VC supplementation significantly affected the antioxidant enzyme activities. The liver VC content showed a dose-dependent relation, where the VC content increased with the increase in VC supplementation reaching the highest value at 757.5 mg kg −1 .Moreover, VC-fed fish showed an increased (p < 0.05) survival against Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. On the basis of broken-line regression, the optimum dietary VC requirement of H. molitrix for weight gain% and liver VC content is 61.31 and 241.13 mg kg −1 respectively.
The present study aimed to determine the effect of different levels of protein on the growth, body composition, amino acid profile and serology of Channa marulius fingerlings. The experiment was conducted in ten happas installed in earthen ponds, each stocked with 10 fishes for 90 days. Four commercial fish feeds having 25%, 30%, 32% and 40% crude protein (CP) levels were fed to fish at 3% of their wet body weight three times a day. The results of the study revealed that highest weight gain, feed conversion ratio and survival rate were observed in 30% protein feed. Meanwhile, moisture content was higher in fish fed with 30% CP feed while highest crude protein was recorded in 40% CP fed fish. Lowest fat content was observed in 32% CP feed. Amino acid profile of fish revealed better results in 30% CP feed. Total protein, glucose and globulin were also highest in fish feeding 30% CP feed, while albumin was highest in 40% CP feed. It is concluded that 30% CP feed showed better results in terms of growth, amino acid profile and serological parameters without effecting fish body composition.
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