The use of steel structures in the developing countries is limited in spite of its better performance in the case of seismic events due to its high ductility. Although steel structures behave well under seismic excitation, nevertheless the use of structural steel is limiting these days. This paper aims to address various parameters related to the capacity design approach involved in the seismic design of conventional steel structures. Few cases of the early steel structures construction such as bridges in Pakistan are briefly described. Philosophies based on the capacity design approach and the importance of conventional steel lateral load resisting systems with their global mechanisms are provided. The design procedures of Eurocode 8 for Steel Moment resisting frames, Concentric cross braced frames and Eccentric braced frames are given and illustrated. It is believed that the paper will contribute and will be helpful for the designers, researchers and academicians involve in the study of lateral load resisting systems for incorporating in the design process. Since synopsis tables are provided, therefore this will allow a clear understanding of the capacity design approach for different lateral load resisting systems.
Purpose
Shallow concealed reinforced concrete (RC) beams (wide beams) make parts of a structure and are used in the construction industry, especially in ribbed and waffle slab systems. They are designed based on the requirements and provisions of structural codes of practice, which are applicable for shallow dropped RC beams (narrow beams). The main concern in regard to the behavior of these shallow concealed RC beams is transversal-spacing of stirrup-legs across their width. This paper aims to investigate the transversal-spacing of stirrups-legs (Sw) for two shallow concealed RC beams, namely, WB-SC and WB-EC.
Design/methodology/approach
The beams are tested under a three point-loading system. Their design has been performed to the SBC304 for beam WB-SC (Saudi Building Code for concrete structures) and comparison to EC2 for beam WB-EC (Eurocode-2 for concrete structures) is addressed in terms of flexural and shear strength design requirements. Experimental behavior and results of both beams are analyzed and conclusions are provided; also, a comparison of these codes is performed. Both beams had dimensions of 3,400 mm length, 700 mm width and 350 mm height.
Findings
Experimentally, beam WB-SC failed in flexure while beam WB-EC failed shear. The investigation concludes in favor of a safer design for SBC304 Code compared to EC2 Code for designing shallow concealed RC beams.
Originality/value
This study recommends that the transversal-spacing of stirrups-legs of these beams has an influence on their strength and behavior and should not exceed the lesser of 0.56(d) or 170 mm (6.7 in.).
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