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In this work, self-assembled NaBiO 3 (BiÀ NaBiO 3 ) was fabricated via a facile ion-exchange method. The synthesized BiÀ NaBiO 3 could produce huge amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with or without light illumination due to different mechanisms. In photocatalytic condition (PC), 0.2 BiÀ NaBiO 3 performed excellent catalytic property and high stability on the oxidation of liquid 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) and gaseous toluene, because of photo-generated hole-electron produced from BiÀ NaBiO 3 . In dark condition (Dark), the self-generated oxygen vacancy should be responsible for the generation of ROS leading to the oxidation of 4-CP. According to materials characterization and EPR testing, for 0.2 BiÀ NaBiO 3 , 1 O 2 , * O 2 À , or * OH were detected during PC condition but only 1 O 2 was found in Dark condition. This work provides a novel material to remediation of polluted wastewater or indoor air both in PC and Dark conditions.