Analytical and finite-element-method calculations have been conducted for obtaining strain distributions and consequent carrier confinement potential changes in semiconductor strained wires and dots made of lattice-mismatched materials. The inhomogeneous strain distribution modifies the confinement potentials locally, which causes carrier wave function localization. First, to obtain a fundamental strain distribution and band-structure change semiquantitatively, analytical calculations are performed in simple, symmetrical structures such as an InP cylinder and an InP ball buried in GaAs or InGaP matrices assuming isotropic valence bands and isotropic elastic characteristics. Here, strain is found to exist in the surrounding matrices as well as in the wires and dots. This effect is peculiar to the strained wire and dot because in pseudomorphic strained layers there is no strain in surrounding matrices. Thus, the band structures are found to be greatly modified in the surrounding matrix as well as in the wire or dot. Hole effective masses at the band edge are also calculated by diagonalizing a 4×4 orbital strain Hamiltonian. Furthermore, to calculate the effects in a realistic structure, finite-element-method calculations are performed for a triangle-shaped InP wire along the 〈110〉 direction, including anisotropic elastic characteristics. Calculated nonuniform strain within the wire is found to modify the confinement potential, which localizes electrons near the base. Valence subbands are largely split near the vertices. From these results, the strained wires and dots are found to be applicable for quantum wires and dots, in which the quantum confinement effect will be enhanced by the modified confinement potential due to the inhomogeneous strain.

A novel method utilizing the island formation in hydride vapor phase epitaxy (VPE) is used to fabricate structures in which nanoscale InP islands are buried in InGaP. The method allows the structures to be grown without using photolithography or etching steps. An intense, island-related photoluminescence is observed from the structures. The emission is blueshifted from the InP bulk emission wavelength and shows dependence on the island size. The island formation dependence on growth conditions is investigated in the attempt to be able to control the size and the density of the islands.

The uniaxial stress effects on valence band structures in GaN are investigated by reflectance spectroscopy. It is observed that the energy separation between A and B valence bands increases with the application of uniaxial stress in the c plane. The experimental results are analyzed on the basis of the k⋅p theory, and deformation potential D5 is determined as −3.3 eV. It is indicated that the uniaxial strain effect could be utilized for improving GaN-based laser performance.

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