Plant albinism causes the etiolation of leaves because of factors such as deficiency of chloroplasts or chlorophylls. In general, albino tea leaves accumulate higher free amino acid (FAA) contents than do conventional green tea leaves. To explore the metabolic changes of etiolated leaves (EL) in the light-sensitive Japanese albino tea cultivar “Koganemidori,” we performed integrated metabolome and transcriptome analyses by comparing EL with green leaves induced by bud-sport mutation (BM) or shading treatments (S-EL). Comparative omics analyses indicated that etiolation-induced molecular responses were independent of the light environment and were largely influenced by the etiolation itself. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment and pathway analyses revealed the downregulation of genes involved in chloroplast development and chlorophyll biosynthesis and upregulation of protein degradation-related pathways, such as the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy in EL. Metabolome analysis showed that most quantified FAAs in EL were highly accumulated compared with those in BM and S-EL. Genes involved in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, nitrogen assimilation, and the urea cycle, including the drastically downregulated Arginase-1 homolog, which functions in nitrogen excretion for recycling, showed lower expression levels in EL. The high FAA contents in EL might result from the increased FAA pool and nitrogen source contributed by protein degradation, low N consumption, and stagnation of the urea cycle rather than through enhanced amino acid biosynthesis.
SummaryCurrently, two cultivars ('Hoshinomidori' and 'Kiraka') and two lines ('Morokozawa' and 'Yamabuki') were cultivated as "white leaf teas" in Japan. Of these four white leaf teas, contents of several chemical compounds of new shoots in the first crop season were compared with those of 'Yabukita' as a common green leaf tea cultivar. Values of chlorophyll meter were quite lower in white leaf tea (0.6-8
Toward a decarbonized society, the authors have studied the CO2 fixation of fly-ash containing Ca 2+ and propose a plant for CO2 fixation that reacts CO2 gas with the fly-ash. In this study, the relationship between the reaction rate and two basic characteristics which are average particle size and the amount of calcium eluted was evaluated to propose an effective index for selecting samples which is suitable for the plant. Three types of fly-ash with different average particle size and Ca 2+ elution were selected as samples, and the CO2 fixation reaction rate was calculated from the column test.As a result, the samples with the largest values for mean particle size and the amount of calcium eluted showed the largest reaction rates, and the samples with the smallest values of two characteristics showed the smallest reaction rates.These results suggest that the mean particle size and Ca 2+ elution have a significant effect on determining the magnitude of CO2 fixation reaction rates.
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