A low-cost, simple, and highly selective method was used for the assessment of total prostate specific antigen (tPSA) in the serum of prostate cancer patients. This method is based on quenching the intensity of luminescence displayed by the optical sensor Eu (TTA)3 phen/poly methylmethacrylate (PMMA) thin membrane or film upon adding different concentrations of tPSA. The luminescent optical sensor was synthesized and characterized through absorption, emission, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and x-ray diffraction (XRD), and is tailored to present red luminescence at 614 nm upon excitation at 395 nm in water. The fabricated sensor fluorescence intensity is quenched in the presence of tPSA in aqueous media. The fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) is the main mechanism by which the sensor performs. The sensor was successfully utilized to estimate tPSA in the serum of patients suffering prostate cancer in a time and cost effective way. The statistical results of the method were satisfactory with 0.0469 ng mL−1 as a detection limit and 0.99 as a correlation coefficient.
Introduction: Parathormone (PTH) and phosphorus, which are considered as uremic toxins, are associated with reduced red cell survival, yet with unproven mechanism. We aimed to assess the relation between PTH and phosphorus levels and eryptosis in patients with CKD5d treated by hemodialysis. Methods: In a cohort of 85 patients with CKD5d treated by conventional hemodialysis, the percent of annexin V-binding RBCs was assessed by flow cytometry to indicate the percent of eryptotic RBCs. Findings: The median percent of annexin V-binding RBCs was 2.3 (1.4-4.7)%.On linear regression analysis, PTH was independently associated with the percent of annexin V-binding RBCs (β = 0.003; 95% CI: 0.002-0.004; p < 0.001).The percent of annexin V-binding RBCs differed significantly in patients with low PTH (<150 pg/mL; 27/85, 31.8%), target PTH (150-600 pg/mL; 32/85, 37.6%), and high PTH (>600 pg/mL; 26/85, 30.6%) groups (1.24 [0.65-1.85]; 2.46 [1.73-4.05]; and 4.82 [3.45-5.61]%, respectively; p < 0.001). Considering the tertiles of the percent of annexin V binding RBCs, PTH increased significantly from 85 (50.6-273) in the 1st to 298.3 (172.8-606.8) in the 2nd and 827.6 (357.4-1171.3) pg/mL in the 3rd tertiles (p < 0.001). Phosphorus and calcium levels as well as the CaxPh product were similar among the three tertiles (p > 0.05). Discussion: Patients with CKD5d express high rates of eryptosis. PTH excess in those patients may result in further eryptosis enhancement, and this represents a potential pathogenic mechanism linking hyperparathyroidism with the anemia of CKD.
Background and Aims Eryptosis (Red cell apoptosis) has been recognized as one of the mechanisms that mediate anaemia in patients with chronic kidney disease whether pre or on dialysis. Phosphorus (Ph) and parathormone (PTH) can be considered as uremic toxins which are associated with renal anaemia, and both were suggested to be associated with shortened red blood cell (RBC) life span. We aimed to assess the relation between each of PTH and phosphorus levels and eryptosis in a cohort of patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) treated by haemodialysis. Method We studied a cohort of 85 patients with ESRD on conventional hemodialysis for at least 3 months. Blood was drawn prior to the mid-week dialysis session. Patients are dialysed on Fresenius 4008s machines. The percent of Annexin V-binding RBCs was assessed by flow cytometry in fresh blood samples and was used to indicate the percent of Eryptotic RBCs. Data were represented as median (interquartile range). Results The study included 85 patients on prevalent hemodialysis for a median of 8 (3-12) years, 52.9% females. Hypertension was the most common cause of ESRD (49.4%). The median hemoglobin was 10.9 (9.3 - 13) gm/dl and most patients received erythropoietin therapy (83/85) at a median dose of 8000 (4000 – 8000 units/weak). The median percent of Annexin V- binding RBCs was 2.3 (1.4 – 4.7%). On multilinear regression analysis, only PTH was independently associated with the percent of Annexin V- binding RBCs (standardized β= 0.630; 95.0% CI: 0.001 – 0.003; p<0.001). Patients were then stratified according to the PTH level into: low PTH (< 150 ng/dl; 25/85, 29.4%), target PTH (150 – 600 ng/dl; 33/85, 38.8%) and high PTH (> 600 ng/dl; 27/85, 31.8%) groups. The 3 groups differed significantly in the percent of Annexin V- binding RBCs (1.2 (0.7-1.7); 2.5 (1.8-3.6) and 4.8 (3.2-5.6) % respectively; p<0.001) (Figure). The percent of Annexin V- binding RBCs was similar in patients with high (>5.5) and target (<5.5 mg/dl) Ph levels (p=0.318). It was higher in patients with above-target CaXPh product (>55) than those with target CaXPh product (<55 mg2/dl2) (5 (2-5.4) % vs 2.3 (4.1 – 1.2) %), yet this was not statistically significant (p=0.068). Conclusion Patients with ESRD treated by hemodialysis express high rates of eryptosis. Parathormone excess in those patients may result in further eryptosis enhancement, and this represents a potential pathogenic mechanism linking hyperparathyroidism with the anemia of CKD. Larger interventional studies are thus warranted to further explore the association between parathormone and eryptosis.
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