This study aims to analyze the within-breed genetic diversity and determine the genetic relationships among the most important zebu populations introduced in the American continent from Asia. Gyr (GYR), Red Sindhi (SIN), Nellore (NEL), Guzerat (GUZ) and the synthetic Brahman (BRH) breeds have been established especially in American tropical regions. Estimates of genetic structure and diversity were carried out within and among the five populations studied. The results of withinbreed genetic diversity showed medium to high medium values of diversity in all genetic parameters [observed heterozygosity (Ho)=0.622±0.022; expected heterozygosity (He)=0.662±0.023; number of alleles (Na)=5.71±1.63; and allelic richness (Ar)=4.097±0.958]. The lowest value of Ho was observed in NEL (0.569±0.019) and the highest in BRH (0.688±0.015). Lowest value of He was also observed in NEL (0.612±0.024) and the highest in BRH (0.700±0.020). Gyr, GUZ and NEL showed high estimations of inbreeding, 9.98, 7.92 and 6.83% respectively. Values of Na varied between 4.93±1.52 in GUZ and 7.04±1.99 in BRH and the Ar values ranged between 3.687±0.895 in NEL and 4.42±1.91 in SIN. On the other hand, although phenotypically, the five breeds are clearly distinguishable, the genetic analysis of structure and kinship demonstrates a total independence among GYR, GUZ and NEL, while BRH and Red Sindhi show a closed relationship. These facts support that GYR, GUZ and NEL have had a diverse origin but also different models of introgression in America. Brahman and SIN could be explained by the intervention of the Sindhi ancestors in the formation of the American synthetic Brahma.
Se hace una revisión histórica sobre el origen de la ganadería en América; se describen las migraciones de bovinos que se realizan desde España hacia las islas y los primeros envíos de animales desde La Española y Santiago hacia tierra firme, como Santa Marta, Colombia; Tamaulipas, México y Santa María La Antigua, Panamá. Se relata el movimiento de animales por todo el territorio panameño, influenciado por la presencia de Pedrarias Dávila como Gobernador de Castilla del Oro y posteriormente como Gobernador de Nicaragua; se plantea la importancia del paso de bovinos por Panamá y su importancia en la conquista del Perú y Ecuador. Y se concluye con la hipótesis histórica de la influencia genética de los bovinos llegados al Nuevo Mundo sobre el territorio Iberoamericano particularmente los bovinos que llegaron a Panamá.
Resumen -El objetivo de este trabajo fue establecer la relación genética entre poblaciones bovinas panameñas Guabalá y Guaymí y algunas poblaciones criollas de Latinoamérica. Se practicó un análisis factorial de correspondencias, análisis de varianza molecular, distancias genéticas, número medio de migrantes por población y los estadísticos F de Wright. Se evaluó la estructura de la población mediante un modelo Bayesiano, suponiéndose un número desconocido de K grupos diferentes genéticamente. El análisis factorial de correspondencias mostró que las poblaciones Guabalá y Guaymí se agrupan con los bovinos criollos mexicanos y el Texas Longhorn. Igualmente se observó menor diferenciación genética de las criollas panameñas con mexicanos y el Texas Longhorn. Los análisis de distancia genética también mostraron dados similares a los obtenidos por el Amova y por el análisis factorial de correspondencia, y se observó menor distancia entre poblaciones del norte y las panameñas, en comparación con las poblaciones del sur. La agrupación bayesiana permitió la asignación de los individuos a su respectivo grupo, con base en su semejanza genética, y proporcionó información acerca del número de poblaciones bajo el cual se originan. Hay una estrecha relación histórica, genética y geográfica de las poblaciones panameñas, criollas mexicanas y Texas Longhorn, a partir de las migraciones de sus precursores desde las Antillas hacia Panamá y México.Términos de indexación: conservación, criollo, estructura genética, Guabalá, Guaymí, QTL. Relationships between Panamanians and some creole cattle landraces in Latin AmericaAbstract -The objective of this work was to establish the genetic relationship between Guabalá and Guaymi cattle populations and some native ones of Latin America. Factorial correspondence analysis, analysis of molecular variance, genetic distances, average number of migrants per population and Wright's F statistics were performed. Population structure was assessed by a Bayesian model, assuming an unknown number of K genetically distinct groups. The correspondence analysis showed that the populations of Guabalá and Guaymí cluster with Mexican creole cattle and Texas Longhorn. Lower genetic differentiation of Panamanian creole with Mexican and Texas Longhorn was also observed. The analyses of genetic distances have also shown similar results to those obtained by Amova and by the factorial correspondence analysis, and the less distance was observed between north populations and Panamanian ones, in comparison with southern populations. Bayesian clustering permitted the assignment of individuals to their respective groups, based on their genetic similarity, and provided information on the number of cluster from which they originate. There is a close historical, genetic, and geographic relationship of Panamanian, Mexican, and Texas Longhorn populations due to the migration of precursors from the Caribbean islands to Panama and Mexico.
The bovine leukemia virus is an exogenous retrovirus that causes enzootic bovine leukosis. The aim of this study was to apply and compare a diagnostic test in an outbreak of bovine leukemia virus by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in a core conservation of native cattle Guaymí. From the results obtained by the three techniques used, the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test detected 33 positive animals. The nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) tested blood and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detected more positive animals than AGID with 17 and 30%, respectively. Animals positive to the ELISA and AGID test but negative to nPCR could be attributed to the existence of animals with genotypes of BoLA-DRB3.2 of major histocompatibility complex class II alleles with favorable resistant to bovine leukaemia virus (BLV). The possibility of further studies on resistance against BLV can be done. It is concluded that the ELISA and nPCR are the diagnostic tests of option for BLV.
Tendo em vista que, no Panamá, grande parte dos programas de melhoramento genético se estabelecem com o uso de germoplasma introduzido, é necessário informar sobre quais doenças genéticas podem estar inadvertidamente circulando, como nas raças crioulas Guaymí panamenhas. e Guabalá, portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho é identificar o polimorfismo de quatro doenças genéticas em Guaymí, Guabalá e raças transfronteiriças no Panamá. Foi estabelecida a presença de polimorfismos e frequência alélica de quatro marcadores relacionados a distúrbios genéticos, fator de transcrição da microftalmia (MITF), olho rosa (PE), sindactilia ou pé de mula (LRP4) e gene da queratina 74 (KRT74). ) por sequenciamento de próxima geração, NGS. Com algumas exceções, novos polimorfismos de variantes SNP dos genes MITF02, PE, LRP440 e KRT74 foram identificados. No entanto, foi observada ligação ao alelo de MITF89, LRP435, LRP452, LRP431. A raça Guabalá foi a única que apresentou alta frequência gênica no alelo T alternativo do gene KRT74. Este trabalho é apresentado como o primeiro relato de polimorfismos marcadores associados a doenças genéticas no Panamá, para os quais é necessária a expansão e o monitoramento oportuno dos genótipos estudados e não incluídos neste trabalho.
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