Background There is little consensus on a standard approach to analysing bone scan images. The Bone Scan Index (BSI) is predictive of survival in patients with progressive prostate cancer (PCa), but the popularity of this metric is hampered by the tedium of the manual calculation. Objective Develop a fully automated method of quantifying the BSI and determining the clinical value of automated BSI measurements beyond conventional clinical and pathologic features. Design, setting, and participants We conditioned a computer-assisted diagnosis system identifying metastatic lesions on a bone scan to automatically compute BSI measurements. A training group of 795 bone scans was used in the conditioning process. Independent validation of the method used bone scans obtained ≤3 mo from diagnosis of 384 PCa cases in two large population-based cohorts. An experienced analyser (blinded to case identity, prior BSI, and outcome) scored the BSI measurements twice. We measured prediction of outcome using pretreatment Gleason score, clinical stage, and prostate-specific antigen with models that also incorporated either manual or automated BSI measurements. Measurements The agreement between methods was evaluated using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Discrimination between prognostic models was assessed using the concordance index (C-index). Results and limitations Manual and automated BSI measurements were strongly correlated (ρ = 0.80), correlated more closely (ρ = 0.93) when excluding cases with BSI scores ≥10 (1.8%), and were independently associated with PCa death (p < 0.0001 for each) when added to the prediction model. Predictive accuracy of the base model (C-index: 0.768; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.702–0.837) increased to 0.794 (95% CI, 0.727–0.860) by adding manual BSI scoring, and increased to 0.825 (95% CI, 0.754–0.881) by adding automated BSI scoring to the base model. Conclusions Automated BSI scoring, with its 100% reproducibility, reduces turnaround time, eliminates operator-dependent subjectivity, and provides important clinical information comparable to that of manual BSI scoring.
Objective To determine the association between concentration of prostate specific antigen (PSA) at age 40-55 and subsequent risk of prostate cancer metastasis and mortality in an unscreened population to evaluate when to start screening for prostate cancer and whether rescreening could be risk stratified.Design Case-control study with 1:3 matching nested within a highly representative population based cohort study. Setting Malmö Preventive Project, Sweden.Participants 21 277 Swedish men aged 27-52 (74% of the eligible population) who provided blood at baseline in 1974-84, and 4922 men invited to provide a second sample six years later. Rates of PSA testing remained extremely low during median follow-up of 27 years. Main outcome measuresMetastasis or death from prostate cancer ascertained by review of case notes.Results Risk of death from prostate cancer was associated with baseline PSA: 44% (95% confidence interval 34% to 53%) of deaths occurred in men with a PSA concentration in the highest 10th of the distribution of concentrations at age 45-49 (≥1.6 µg/L), with a similar proportion for the highest 10th at age 51-55 (≥2.4 µg/L: 44%, 32% to 56%). Although a 25-30 year risk of prostate cancer metastasis could not be ruled out by concentrations below the median at age 45-49 (0.68 µg/L) or 51-55 (0.85 µg/L), the 15 year risk remained low at 0.09% (0.03% to 0.23%) at age 45-49 and 0.28% (0.11% to 0.66%) at age 51-55, suggesting that longer intervals between screening would be appropriate in this group. ConclusionMeasurement of PSA concentration in early midlife can identify a small group of men at increased risk of prostate cancer metastasis several decades later. Careful surveillance is warranted in these men. Given existing data on the risk of death by PSA concentration at age 60, these results suggest that three lifetime PSA tests (mid to late 40s, early 50s, and 60) are probably sufficient for at least half of men. IntroductionScreening for prostate cancer with the prostate specific antigen (PSA) test became widespread long before the availability of randomised evidence as to its value. There is now evidence that PSA screening is associated with reduced mortality from prostate cancer in men who would not otherwise be screened, 1 2 although That said, PSA screening is not a single intervention and men can be screened in different ways. There is surprisingly little evidence to support many aspects of contemporary screening guidelines. In particular, the age at which screening starts and the frequency of PSA testing is rarely justified in terms of empirical data. Recent evidence has suggested that a single PSA measurement can predict the long term risk of clinically relevant prostate cancer. [3][4][5][6] This suggests that a baseline concentration could be used to determine whether a man might benefit from subsequent PSA tests and, if so, when these should be administered.We used data from the Malmö Preventive Project cohort to develop an evidence based schema for prostate cancer testing. We retrospectivel...
Background Current prostate cancer screening guidelines conflict with respect to the age at which to initiate screening. Objective To evaluate the effect of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening, versus zero screening, starting at age 50-54, on prostate cancer mortality. Design, Setting, and Participants This is a population-based cohort study comparing 3,479 men aged 50 through 54 randomized to PSA-screening in the Göteborg population-based prostate cancer screening trial, initiated in 1995, versus 4,060 unscreened men aged 51 to 55 providing cryopreserved blood in the population-based Malmö Preventive Project in the pre-PSA era, during 1982-1985. Outcome measures and Statistical Analysis Cumulative incidence and incidence rate ratios of prostate cancer diagnosis, metastasis, and prostate cancer death. Results and Limitation At 17 years, regular PSA-screening in Göteborg of men in their early 50s carried a more than 2-fold higher risk of prostate cancer diagnosis compared to the unscreened men in Malmö (IRR 2.56, 95% CI 2.18, 3.02), but resulted in a substantial decrease in risk of metastases (IRR 0.43, 95% CI 0.22, 0.79) and prostate cancer death (IRR 0.29, 95% CI 0.11, 0.67). There were 57 fewer prostate cancer deaths per 10,000 men (95% CI 22, 92) in the screened group. At 17 years, the number needed to invite to PSA-screening and the number needed to diagnose to prevent one prostate cancer death was 176 and 16, respectively. The study is limited by lack of treatment information and the comparison of two different birth cohorts. Conclusions PSA screening for prostate cancer can decrease prostate cancer mortality among men aged 50–54, with NNI and NND comparable to those previously reported from the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer for men aged 55-69 years, at similar follow-up. Guideline groups could consider whether guidelines for PSA screening should recommend starting no later than at ages 50-54. Trial registration The Göteborg randomized population-based prostate cancer screening trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry (isrctn.com). Identifier: ISRCTN54449243.
Background Reports on perioperative complications after Post-Chemotherapy Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (PC-RPLND) for Non-Seminoma Germ Cell Tumour (NSGCT) are from experienced single centres, with a lack of population-based studies. Objective To assess the complications of bilateral and unilateral PC-RPLND. Design, Setting, Participants Prospective, population-based observational multicentre study that included all patients with NSGCT that underwent PC-RPLND in Norway and Sweden 2007 to 2014. In total 318 patients, 87 underwent bilateral PC-RPLND and 231 unilateral PC-RPLND. Median follow-up 6 years.Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Bilateral and unilateral PC-RPLND were compared for the outcome intra-and postoperative complications (graded by Clavien-Dindo) and retrograde ejaculation (with or without nerve-sparing surgery). Complications were reported as absolute counts and percentages. The x 2 -test was used for comparisons Results and LimitationsThe incidence of intraoperative complications was higher for bilateral PC-RPLND compared to unilateral PC-RPLND (14% vs. 4.3%, p=0.003), with ureteral injury as the most frequent reported complication (2% of the patients). Postoperative complications were more common after bilateral than unilateral PC-RPLND (45% vs 25%, p=0.001) with Clavien ≥3b reported in 8.3% and 2.2% respectively (p=0.009). Lymphatic leakage was the most common complication occurring in 11% of the patients. Retrograde ejaculation occurred more frequently after bilateral than unilateral surgery (59% vs 32%, (p<0.001). Limitation of the study include reporting of retrograde ejaculation, which was based on chart review. Conclusions Intraoperative complications and postoperative complications includingretrograde ejaculation are more frequent after bilateral PC-RPLND compared to unilateral PC-RPLND.
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