To test the applicability of alternate land use systems for improving soil functionality in restored ecologies, soils were sampled from 0-15, 15-30 and 30-45 cm deep layers of Leucaena leucocephala (LL), Hardwickia binata (HB), Emblica officinalis (EO), Azadiracta indica (AI)-based silviculture systems; Acacia nilotica-based silvipasture systems (AN); and natural grassland (NG). These were compared with samples from fallow land (F). They were evaluated for their carbon management index (CMI), nutrient supply capacity (NSC), soil functionality (SF), ecorestoration efficiency (ERE) and 21-day cumulative microbial respiration (CO 2 -21) to assess their applicability in semiarid India. Soil functionality and functional diversity as impacted by restoration have remained largely overlooked. The LL had $12, 7 and 11% higher CMI than fallow in sampled soil layers. ERE of LL was $ 55, 65 and 79% higher than fallow land in sampled soil layers, respectively. However, ERE in surface layer was poorer than subsequent soil layers for all systems. The LL, HB and AN improved NSC and SF by: a) $ 2.5-, 2.2-and 1.6-times; and b) 9.3-, 5.3-and 5.1-times over fallow land in the surface soil layer. A similar trend was observed for SF in lower layers. However, the topsoil layer had >16% mean SF values than subsequent layers. LL, HB and AN systems had $4.2-, 2.3-and 1.9-times higher CO 2 -21 than fallow land in the top layer. CO 2 -21 was positively correlated with NSC and SF but could not predict ERE well. Hence, legume tree-based restoration tactics might be useful for improving land restoration and soil functionality in semiarid regions.
The content of major and micronutrients and their availability to crop vary widely depending upon soil types, nature of crops, ecology and agro climatic variability. Study undertaken to assess the nutrients status of rice-chickpea grown areas of Chhattisgarh plain region of Chhattisgarh revealed that soil were low in available nitrogen and low to medium in available phosphorous and high in potassium status. Soils are deficient in micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu). This problem is aggravated by the fact that many modern cultivars of major crops are highly sensitive to low micronutrient levels. Available micronutrients were negligible in Fe, Mn and Cu, but Zn status 43 percent soils sample had deficit level. However, frequency distribution of micronutrients into various categories showed that large area in the state has potential to be deficient in future, which may respond to micronutrients applications. In order to understand the geographic distribution of available micronutrient content in soil of the state, soil micronutrient maps have been developed using GPS and GIS which will improve our understanding regarding nature and extent of micronutrients deficiencies and their response to crop growth and development. These maps and frequency distribution of available macro and micronutrient content in soils will be highly useful in assessing fields scale variability for developing site-specific nutrients management for better human and livestock health of Chhattisgarh plain region.
This article tends to underline the taxation of cross-border mergers and acquisition (M by analysing the recent Vodafone ruling rendered by the Mumbai High Court. It explains the whole transaction like a fairy tale and then move onto to highlight the actual problems as perceived by revenue. It further analyses the ruling in great detail and also points out what Vodafone could have done to avert the situation. Moreover, it also advocates for an international tax regime and sought to give some pragmatic solutions to the problem of taxation of cross-border M
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