Using trimesic acid (TMA) as a model system by means of scanning tunneling microscope (STM) equipped with a temperature controller, here, we report a temperature-assisted method to cooperatively control electric-field-induced supramolecular phase transitions at the liquid/solid interface. Octanoic acid is used as a solvent due to its good solubility for TMA and its less complicated pattern formed under negative STM bias (e.g., only chicken-wire polymorphs existing). At positive substrate bias, STM revealed that TMA assembly based on temperature modulations underwent phase transitions from a porous (22 °C) to a flower (45 °C) and further to a zigzag (68 °C) structure. The transitions are ascribed to the partial deprotonation of the carboxyl groups of TMA. Both the temperature and electrical polarity of the substrate are crucial, i.e., the transitions only take place at positive substrate bias and elevated temperatures. Molecular mechanics simulations were carried out to calculate the temperature and electric field dependence of the adsorption enthalpy and free energy of the chicken-wire assembly of TMA on the two layers of graphene surface. The calculated decrease in adsorption enthalpy with the increase of temperature and electric field values that causes the TMA chicken-wire assembly to be less stable is proposed to promote the occurrence of the phase transition observed by STM. This study paves the way toward program-controlled supramolecular phase switching via the synergic effect of electrical and thermal stimuli.

We investigated the effect of La3+ and Se4+ co-doping on the photocatalytic activity of BiFeO3 for efficient purification of polluted water from industrial waste.

We have extended the essential work of fracture technique to allow for the determination of the plane‐strain essential work of fracture. The new technique is to measure the specific work of fracture as a function of ligament length in deeply double edge notched samples. This type of data is then experimentally corrected to remove the plastic work of fracture and leave only the essential work of fracture as a function of ligament length. By extrapolating the essential work of fracture to zero‐ligament length, we claim to be measuring the plane‐strain essential work of fracture. This new technique was applied to two rubber toughened nylons and to a series of polyethylenes. The plane‐strain essential work of fracture was found to be independent of thickness. Where comparison can be made to J‐integral testing, the plane‐strain essential work of fracture was similar to the critical J‐integral, JIc.

For future pollution-free renewable energy production, platinum group metal (PGM)-free electrocatalysts are highly required for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) to avoid all possible Fenton reactions and to make fuel cell more economical. Therefore, in this study, to overcome traditional electrocatalyst limitations, we applied facile method to synthesize robust mesoporous CrN-reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite with MnO (thereafter, Cr/rGO composite with MnO) as an electrocatalyst by efficient one-step sol-gel method by ammonolysis at 900°C for 9 h. Synthesized porous structures of Cr/rGO nanocomposite with MnO have the highest estimated surface area of 379 m2·g−1, higher than that of the carbon black (216 m2·gcat-1) support, and almost uniform pore size distribution of about 4 nm. The Cr/rGO nanocomposites with MnO exhibit enhanced electrocatalytic ORR properties with estimated high half-wave potential of 0.89 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and current density of 5.90 mA·cm−2, compared with that of benchmark 20% Pt/C electrode (0.84 V, 5.50 mA·cm−2), with noticeable methanol tolerance and significantly enhanced stability in alkaline media. Hence, the Cr/rGO nanocomposites with MnO showed superior performance to 20 wt.% Pt/C; their half-wave potentials were 50 mV high, and the limiting current density was 0.40 mA·cm−2 high. In alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cell (AAEMFC) setup, this cell delivers a power density of 309 mW·cm−2 for Cr/rGO nanocomposite with MnO, demonstrating its potential use for energy conversion applications. The nanosized Cr/rGO metallic crystalline nanocomposites with MnO gave a large active surface area owing to the presence of rGO, which also has an effect on the charge distribution and electronic states. Hence, it may be the reason that Cr/rGO nanocomposites with MnO, acting as more active and more stable catalytic materials, boosted the electrocatalytic properties. The synergistic consequence in nanosized Cr/rGO composite with MnO imparts the materials' high electron mobility and thus robust ORR activity in 0.1 M of KOH solution. This potential method is highly efficient for synthesis of large-scale, non-noble-metal-based electrocatalytic (NNME) materials (i.e., Cr/rGO nanocomposite with MnO) on the gram level and is efficient in preparing novel, low-cost, and more stable non-PGM catalysts for fuel cells.

Since the last decades, non-precious metal catalysts (NPMC), especially iron based electrocatalysts show sufficient activity, potentially applicant in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), however they only withstand considerable current densities at low operating potentials. On the other hand iron based electrocatalysts are not stable at elevated cathode potentials, which is essential for high energy competence, and its remains difficult to deal. Therefore, via this research a simple approach is demonstrated that allows synthesis of nanosize Fe-doped mayenite electride, [Ca24Al28O64]4+·(e−)4 (can also write as, C12A7−xFex:e−, where doping level, x = 1) (thereafter, Fe-doped C12A7:e−), consist of abundantly available elements with gram level powder material production, based on simple citrate sol-gel method. The maximum achieved conductivity of this first time synthesized Fe-doped C12A7:e− composite materials was 249 S/cm. Consequently, Fe-doped C12A7:e− composite is cost-effective, more active and highly durable precious-metal free electrocatalyst, with 1.03 V onset potential, 0.89 V (RHE) half-wave potential, and ~5.9 mA/cm2 current density, which is higher than benchmark 20% Pt/C (5.65 mA/cm2, and 0.84 V). The Fe-doped C12A7:e− has also higher selectivity for desired 4e− pathway, and more stable than 20 wt% Pt/C electrode with higher immunity towards methanol poisoning. Fe-doped C12A7:e− loses was almost zero of its original activity after passing 11 h compared to the absence of methanol case, indicates that to introduce methanol has almost negligible consequence for ORR performance, which makes it highly desirable, precious-metal free electrocatalyst in ORR. This is primarily described due to coexistence of Fe-doped C12A7:e− related active sites with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with pyridinic-nitrogen, and their strong coupling consequence along their porous morphology textures. These textures assist rapid diffusion of molecules to catalyst active sites quickly. In real system maximum power densities reached to 243 and 275 mW/cm2 for Pt/C and Fe-doped C12A7:e− composite, respectively.