Introduction: Malignant pericardial effusion is common, reported in 5-15% of cancer patients. It most commonly arises from metastasis of lymphomas and tumors of the lung, breast, and, infrequently, the gastrointestinal tract. We report a rare case of metastatic colon cancer without the direct involvement of other solid organs suggesting a lymphatic spread. Case Description/Methods: A 28-year-old man presented with one day of sudden onset of shortness of breath at rest. Vitals were significant for tachycardia. On examination, the lungs were clear to auscultation with distant heart sounds; the abdomen was soft without tenderness. The clinical presentation was suggestive of pericardial effusion. Laboratory studies revealed microcytic anemia with hemoglobin of 11.7 g/dl. CT angiography chest with contrast revealed moderate to large PEff and subsegmental pulmonary embolism. An ECHO showed large PEff, without any signs of tamponade. He underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for PEff with a pericardial window. The mediastinal lymph node biopsy and pericardial fluid cytology showed metastatic adenocarcinoma cells. A CT scan of the chest/abdomen/pelvis was performed to find the primary malignancy, which revealed a segmental thickening of the proximal ascending colon and ileum with proximal cecal distension, lymphadenopathy, without liver metastasis. A CF showed a large polypoidal mass in the ascending colon, and biopsy revealed poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in ascending colon. He was started on palliative chemotherapy with capecitabine, oxaliplatin, and bevacizumab and was discharged with outpatient oncology follow-up (Figure). Discussion: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the United States. It primarily spreads hematogenous via the portal venous system that drains the colon and proximal rectum to the liver and the lungs to the heart. However, cardiac metastasis is rare. In our patient, we assume lymphatic spread of colon cancer due to isolated pericardial involvement in the absence of solid organ involvement. To our knowledge, this is the second reported case of lymphatic spread of colon cancer. Therefore, we emphasize considering pericardial effusions as a marker of occult malignancy to facilitate rapid diagnosis and prompt treatment. However, the prognosis for carcinomatous pericarditis is poor, with a 2-5 months median survival.[1961] Figure 1. A-Echocardiogram: Parasternal short axis view showing large pericardial effusion, no signs of cardiac tamponade. B-Colonoscopy showing a lobulated mass in cecum. C-Computed Tomography (C.T.) scan with PO/IV contrast showing mass vs segmental inflammation in proximal ascending colon (pink arrow). Mild thickening of terminal ileum (white arrow).
Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have a five times higher risk of gastrointestinal bleed (GIB) and mortality than the general population. Aortic stenosis (AS) has been associated with GIB from intestinal angiodysplasia. In this retrospective analysis, we obtained data from the 2012 and 2019 National Inpatient Sample. The primary outcome of interest was all-cause in-hospital mortality and risk factors of mortality in patients with ESRD with GIB with aortic valve disorders especially AS. We identified all patients (≥18 years of age) with ESRD ( n = 1,707,452 ) and analyzed based on discharge diagnosis of valvular heart disease ( n = 6521 ) in patients with GIB compared with those without GIB ( n = 116,560 ). Survey statistical methods accounting for strata and weighted data were used for analysis using survey packages in R (version 4.0). Baseline categorical data were compared using Rao-Scott chi square test, and continuous data were compared using Student’s t-test. Covariates were assessed using univariate regression analysis, and factors with p value less than 0.1 in the univariate analysis were entered in the final model. The univariate and multivariable associations of presumed risk factors of mortality in ESRD with GIB patients were performed by Cox proportional hazards model censored at length of stay. Propensity score matching was done using MatchIt package in R (version 4.3.0). 1 : 1 nearest neighbour matching was done with propensity scores estimated through logistic regression, in which occurrence of GIB, valvular lesions, and AS was regressed according to other patient characteristics. Among patients with ESRD with valvular heart diseases, AS was found to be associated with increased risk of GIB ( adj . OR = 1.005 ; 95% CI 1.003–1.008; p < 0.01 ). ESRD patients with AS showed increased risk of lower GIB ( OR = 1.04 ; 95% CI 1.01–1.06; p = 0.02 ), colonic angiodysplasia ( OR = 1.03 ; 95% CI 1.01–1.05; p < 0.01 ), stomach and duodenal angiodysplasia ( OR = 1.03 ; 95% CI 1.02–1.06; p < 0.01 ), need for blood transfusion add pressors as compared to those without AS. However, there was no increased risk of mortality ( OR = 0.97 ; 95% CI 0.95–0.99; p < 0.01 ).
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