Background:
Early identification of patients with poor prognosis may facilitate the provision of proper supportive treatment in advance and reduce mortality due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The present study estimates the recovery and mortality rates among in-house COVID-19 patients admitted to a tertiary care center and also determines any association between mortality and variables of interest.
Methods and Material:
This cross-sectional study was conducted in June to December 2021 among the COVID-19 patients admitted to the hospital based on their case sheets. A sample size of 1500 was calculated which was obtained by simple random sampling. Descriptive statistics were generated. Association between mortality and other variables was tested by using bivariate logistic regression and multiple logistic regression analysis.
Results:
The overall recovery rate was 80.1%. Vaccination status was significantly associated with mortality, with the AOR (95% CI) of getting both vaccine doses and a single dose being 0.18 (0.05-0.70) and 0.28 (0.15-0.55), respectively, when compared to the unvaccinated group. Also, patients who sought admission on their own were found to be having more chances of recovery compared to those who were referred from other health facilities. The risk of dying was found to be increased nearly 5-fold among those who used Non-Rebreathing machines. The use of Non-Invasive ventilation and Bain Circuit was significantly associated with a bad prognosis. None on the mechanical ventilation survived.
Conclusions:
The mortality rate of COVID-19 patients admitted to the tertiary care hospital was found to be one-fifth and the ICU-specific mortality rate was 83.6% while other factors like age and gender were not found to be associated with mortality. Among comorbidities, only liver diseases were found to be a significant determinant of mortality. Finally, patients who needed more flow rate of oxygen had a significant association with mortality.
Prevalence of needle stick injuries among nurses in a tertiary care hospital and their immediate responseContext: Needle stick injuries (NSIs) are wounds caused by needles in health care setup that accidentally puncture the skin and may result in exposure to blood or other body fl uids. NSI is a major occupational health and safety issue faced by health care professionals globally. Nurses have the highest rate of needle stick injury among health care workers. Aims: To determine the prevalence of needle stick injuries (NSIs) among the nurses, to determine the association between NSI and selected variables like age, marital status, years in service, educational qualifi cation and to assess the measures undertaken by the respondents after the NSI. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Imphal among nurses from October to November 2011. Self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Descriptive statistics were used. Chi square test was used to see the association and a P-value of <0.05 was taken as signifi cant. Results: The prevalence of NSI within the last one year was found to be 28.1% (N=86). Of them 49(46.5%) had two or more NSIs in the last one year. More than half of the NSIs occurred during intravenous (IV) injection, 16.3% during intramuscular (IM) injection and only 1.6% during recapping of the needle. Eighty three (96%) of them did not were gloves during NSI. Forty (46.5%) of them washed the injured part with water and soap as immediate measure. Thirty seven (43%) did not report it. Though 251(82%) knew about the free availability of Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) in the hospital, only 5(5.7%) took PEP. Conclusion: Needle stick injury is an important occupational health hazard among the nurses. Reporting to the concerned authorities, screening after NSI and promotion of safety measures should be greatly encouraged.
Key words:Cross-sectional study, needle stick injuries, nurses, post-exposure prophylaxis, prevalence
Original Article
INTRODUCTIONNeedle stick injuries (NSIs) are wounds caused by needles used in health-care set-up that may accidentally puncture the skin resulting in exposure to blood or other body fl uids. NSI is a major occupational health and safety issue faced by health-care professionals globally. These events are of concern because of the risk of blood-borne diseases such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV). Despite their seriousness as a medical event, NSIs have been neglected, most go unreported and ICD-10 coding is not available. [1] World Health Organization, in its World Health Report 2002, reports that of 35 million health-care workers, 2 million experience percutaneous exposure to infectious diseases each year. Around 37.6% of hepatitis B, 39% of hepatitis C and 4.4% of HIV/acquired immunodefi ciency syndrome in healthcare workers around the world are due to NSIs. [2] NSIs are a common event in the health-care environment and these injuries may occur ...
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