Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection may lead to renal impairment, however Indian data is limited. The objective of this study was to study clinical, biochemical and radiological spectrum of renal dysfunctions in HIV patients.Methods: Hundred HIV positive patients were studied in Department of Medicine, G.R. Medical College, Gwalior. Detailed history, clinical examination, laboratory investigation (hemoglobin, random blood sugar, CD4 counts, urine analysis (proteinuria, sugar, pus cells, red blood cells), blood urea estimation, serum creatinine and ultrasound of kidneys were done for all the patients.Results: Mean age of the study cohort was 43.09±10.57 years with male predominance. Maximum patients belong to age group of 41-50 years (35%). Majority patients were from urban area (61%), married (86%), belong to low socioeconomic status (91%) and about one third were truck drivers (36%) by profession. Mean CD4 count was 236.14±134.006 whereas, maximum patients had CD4 count of <200 (52%). Most common clinical and radiological finding was edema (18.02% male and 29.41% female) and raised renal echotexture (15.66% male and 5.88% female) respectively. Mean hemoglobin, blood urea, serum creatinine and albumin among male and female were 11.36±11.58, and 9.65±1.90, 53.78±53.99 and 55.03±47.10, 1.33±1.03 and 1.24±0.90, 3.22±0.76 and 3.12±0.69 respectively.Conclusions: Proteinuria, elevated serum creatinine, edema and raised renal echo texture are the early markers of nephropathy in HIV positive patients.
Background: Tobacco smoking is widely prevalent all over the world and it continues to rise in developing countries. Smoking has a deleterious effect on pulmonary functions. Smoking is the single most significant risk factor contributing to the development of Chronic obstructive airway diseases (COPD). Spirometry by a trained health professional gives an indication of lung health by measuring airway abnormality. Objectives were to study pulmonary function test (PFT) in smokers and non-smokers between 30-50 years and to study the correlation of PFT with pack years. Methods: Apparently healthy subjects, 50 smokers and 50 non-smokers between 30-50 years without any symptoms were included as subjects. Patients with uncontrolled hypertension, recent myocardial infarction and pulmonary TB were excluded. Ex-smokers were excluded from the study. Patients with acute respiratory illness, severe systemic illness, chest trauma and dementia were also excluded. After proper history taking and clinical examination, measuring height and weight (vitals, pulse rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure) the selected individual was subjected to spirometry using ATS criteria (American Thoracic Society criteria). Spirometry was performed using UNI-EM spirometer. Collected data was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Service (SPSS) software version 17. Results: In this study 94 males and 6 females were enrolled as subjects. Maximum number of the patient 49 cases (49%) presented in the age group of 30-35 years, followed by 23 cases (23%) in 36-40 years age group. Of these 49 cases,15 were smokers while the rest 34 were non-smokers (P=0.0007). In 100 cases studied, 39% showed normal PFT and 61% shows abnormal PFT. Among smokers (out of total 50 cases) pulmonary function test (PFT) was abnormal in 36 cases (72%) while in non-smokers, 25 (50%) had abnormal PFT (P-value-0.024). This data indicates that smoking is highly associated with an abnormal PFT pattern. Out of 100 cases both smokers and non-smokers, 11 (73.33%) underweight cases with (BMI<18.4) showed abnormal PFT. In 50 smokers, maximum cases 29 (58%) had normal BMI (18.5-22.9) (P value 0.0002). Abnormal PFT was observed in 25 (50%) non-smokers (P=0.001). Abnormal PFT was seen in 30 (69.77%) smokers with pack years <15 and 6 smokers (85.6%) with pack years >15 (Pvalue 0.383). Conclusions: Smoking is common in males between 30-35 years age group. Smoking is highly associated with an abnormal PFT. Cessation of smoking should be encouraged and PFTs from time to time in asymptomatic adults both smokers and non-smokers will be useful for early identification of abnormalities.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.