Resumo Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar as representações sociais de atores estratégicos envolvidos na assistência ou gestão em saúde, sobre as questões que envolvem a mulher, o parto e o nascimento, buscando identificar e compreender barreiras à implementação das Diretrizes Nacionais de Assistência ao Parto Normal. Realizou-se estudo qualitativo descritivo, de corte transversal, baseado num teste de associação livre de palavras, com 12 atores estratégicos. As palavras - Parto; Enfermeira obstétrica; Nascimento; Médico obstetra; Mãe; Complicação; Mulher - foram selecionadas a partir de uma análise textual das contribuições da sociedade na Consulta Pública das Diretrizes, com o software IRaMuTeQ. A análise do resultado do teste de associação de palavras foi realizada na abordagem estrutural das Representações Sociais, com os softwares OpenEVOC e IRaMuTeQ. Foram identificadas como potenciais barreiras à implementação as representações sobre parto associado a dor, o médico obstetra como obstrutor e os estereótipos que marcam o papel da mulher e da mãe na sociedade. Compreender essas representações é importante para evidenciar as convenções que subjazem nas atitudes e práticas de profissionais e usuárias, possibilitando a definição de estratégias específicas para cada grupo.
Os processos de gestão e incorporação de tecnologias ao Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) são amparados por conhecimentos específicos da área de Avaliação de Tecnologias em Saúde (ATS). O objetivo desse estudo foi estimar os fatores associados à qualidade das evidências e sua relação com as recomendações sobre a incorporação de medicamentos emitidas pela Comissão Nacional de Incorporação de Tecnologias no SUS (Conitec). Para tanto, foram avaliadas, por meio de modelos estatísticos bivariados e de regressão logística, a associação entre potenciais preditores da qualidade das evidências constantes nos relatórios, assim como sua relação com as recomendações emitidas pela comissão no período de 2012 a 2015. As análises bivariadas sugeriram a indicação em doença rara, a origem externa da demanda e o ano do relatório como potenciais preditores da baixa qualidade das evidências. No modelo ajustado pelo impacto orçamentário e ano da recomendação, a qualidade baixa das evidências demonstrou uma chance de cerca de quatro vezes maior de receber uma recomendação não favorável pela Conitec (ORajustado: 4,33; IC95%: 1,26 a 14,93, p < 0,05). Os resultados demonstram a importância e consistência da avaliação da qualidade das evidências nas recomendações sobre incorporação de medicamentos no SUS.
The present report describes the process and results obtained with a knowledge translation project developed in three stages to identify barriers to the Implementation of the National Guidelines for Normal Childbirth in Brazil, as well strategies for effective implementation. The Improving Programme Implementation through Embedded Research (iPIER) model and the Supporting Policy Relevant Reviews and Trials (SUPPORT) tools provided the methodological framework for the project. In the first stage, the quality of the Guidelines was evaluated and the barriers preventing implementation of the recommendations were identified through review of the global evidence and analysis of contributions obtained in a public consultation process. In the second stage, an evidence synthesis was used as the basis for a deliberative dialogue aimed at prioritizing the barriers identified. Finally, a second evidence synthesis was presented in a new deliberative dialogue to discuss six options to address the prioritized barriers: 1) promote the use of multifaceted interventions; 2) promote educational interventions for the adoption of guidelines; 3) perform audits and provide feedback to adjust professional practice; 4) use reminders to mediate the interaction between workers and service users; 5) enable patient-mediated interventions; and 6) engage opinion leaders to promote use of the Guidelines. The processes and results associated with each stage were documented and formulated to inform a review and update of the Guidelines and the development of an implementation plan for the recommendations. Effective implementation of the Guidelines is important for improving the care provided during labor and childbirth in Brazil.
Objective Several therapies are being used or proposed for COVID-19, and many lack appropriate evaluations of their effectiveness and safety. The purpose of this document is to develop recommendations to support decisions regarding the pharmacological treatment of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Brazil. Methods A group of 27 experts, including representatives of the Ministry of Health and methodologists, created this guideline. The method used for the rapid development of guidelines was based on the adoption and/or adaptation of existing international guidelines (GRADE ADOLOPMENT) and supported by the e-COVID-19 RecMap platform. The quality of the evidence and the preparation of the recommendations followed the GRADE method. Results Sixteen recommendations were generated. They include strong recommendations for the use of corticosteroids in patients using supplemental oxygen, the use of anticoagulants at prophylactic doses to prevent thromboembolism and the nonuse of antibiotics in patients without suspected bacterial infection. It was not possible to make a recommendation regarding the use of tocilizumab in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 using oxygen due to uncertainties regarding the availability of and access to the drug. Strong recommendations against the use of hydroxychloroquine, convalescent plasma, colchicine, lopinavir + ritonavir and antibiotics in patients without suspected bacterial infection and also conditional recommendations against the use of casirivimab + imdevimab, ivermectin and rendesivir were made. Conclusion To date, few therapies have proven effective in the treatment of hospitalized patients with COVID-19, and only corticosteroids and prophylaxis for thromboembolism are recommended. Several drugs were considered ineffective and should not be used to provide the best treatment according to the principles of evidence-based medicine and promote economical resource use.
Objectives. To identify barriers to the implementation of National Childbirth Guidelines in Brazil from the women’s perspective. Methods. A descriptive exploratory study was performed using a qualitative approach and an interpretive perspective. The hermeneutic unit of analysis was established based on the contribution of users to a public online consultation about the National Childbirth Guidelines in Brazil, performed in 2016 by the National Committee for Health Technology Incorporation into the Unified Health System (CONITEC). Content analysis techniques were used to examine the answers provided to the following specific question: “Considering your local reality, what would hinder the implementation of this protocol or guideline?” Results. Of 396 contributions recorded by CONITEC, 55 were included in the content analysis. The mean age of women was 31 years, with most self-declared as white (69%) and living in the Southeast of Brazil (56.3%). Coding revealed seven barrier categories, which were grouped into three families — barriers related to 1) professional training and culture (which highlighted the centrality of physicians, not women, in childbirth), 2) social culture (general population not well informed), and 3) political and management issues (little interest on the part of managers, lower physician compensation for vaginal childbirth vs. cesarian section, and poor hospital infrastructure). Conclusions. Aspects of professional training and culture, social culture, and political as well as management issues are critical points to be considered in future interventions aiming at overcoming or weakening the barriers to implementing childbirth recommendations in Brazil.
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