The COVID-19 pandemic represents not just a global health crisis, but may signal the beginning of a new era of economic activity, the potential consequences of which we currently do not fully understand. In this context, the mid-to-long-range impacts of the pandemic on the energy sector have been studied extensively in the last few months. Despite these efforts, the pandemic still raises many open questions concerning the long-term operation and planning of power systems. For instance, how will the pandemic affect the integration of renewable energy sources? Should current power system expansion plans change in light of the COVID-19 pandemic? What new tools should be provided to support system operators during global health crises? It is the purpose of this paper to better understand the many aspects of these open questions by reviewing the relevant recent literature and by analyzing measured data. We point out the main challenges that the pandemic introduced by presenting patterns of electricity generation and demand, frequency deviations, and load forecasting. Moreover, we suggest directions for future research that may assist in coping with the mentioned challenges. We hope that this paper will trigger fruitful discussions and encourage further research on these important emerging topics.

In this paper we explore how the COVID-19 pandemic, also known as Coronavirus pandemic, affected the operation of small electric grids, and what can this event teach us on the readiness of such grids in the face of future global health crises. We focus on three major effects: changing patterns of generation and consumption, frequency stability, and the joint impact of low consumption and high share of renewable energy sources. Specifically, we analyze changes in consumption in the Israeli, Estonian, and Finnish grids, and attempt to identify patterns of consumption changes that may be explained by the pandemic. We also analyze changes in voltage and frequency, and show that the low consumption caused significant deviations from the nominal values of both parameters. One main conclusion is that the reduced energy consumption during the pandemic is critical, and has a major effect on the operation of small electric grids. Another conclusion is that since the pandemic pushed the relative share of renewable energy to record highs, this event may help us to better understand the influence of a high share of renewables on small grids, thus offering a glance into a renewable-rich future.

In this work, we review papers that employ game theoretic tools to study the operation and design of modern electric grids. We consider four topics in this context: energy trading, energy balancing, grid planning, and system reliability, and we demonstrate the advantages of using game-theoretic approaches for analyzing complex interactions among independent players. The results and conclusions provide insights regarding many aspects of design and operation, such as efficient methodologies for expansion planning, cyber-security, and frequency stability, or fair-benefit allocation among players. A central conclusion is that modeling the system from the perspective of one entity with unlimited information and control span is often impractical, so correct modeling of the selfish behavior of independent players may be critical for the development of future power systems. Another conclusion is that correct usage of incentives by appropriate regulation or sophisticated pricing mechanisms may improve the social welfare, and, in several cases, the results obtained are as good as those obtained by central planning. Using an extensive content analysis, we point to several trends in the current research and attempt to identify the research directions that are currently at the focus of the community.

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