Objectives A commonality across a number of pediatric neuropsychiatric disorders is a higher than typical rate of familial – and especially maternal – autoimmune disease. Of recent interest, a subtype of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and tic disorders known collectively as Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcus (PANDAS) is believed to be secondary to central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity that occurs in relation to group A streptococcal infection. Thus, we hypothesized that a sample of children with OCD and/or tics would have an increased maternal risk for an autoimmune response relative to population norms. We also expected maternal prevalence of various autoimmune diseases to be higher among those participants that met the putative criteria for PANDAS. Methods We examined, via structured interview, the medical history of the biological mothers of 107 children with OCD and/or tics. Results Autoimmune disorders were reported in 17.8% of study mothers, which is significantly greater than the general prevalence among women in the United States (approximately 5%). Further, study mothers were more likely to report having an autoimmune disease if their children were considered “likely PANDAS” cases versus “unlikely PANDAS” cases. Conclusions Results offer preliminary support for hypothesized links between maternal autoimmune disease and both OCD/tics and PANDAS in youth. Further research is necessary to clarify these general associations; links to specific autoimmune disease; and relevance of autoimmune disease in other family members (e.g., fathers).
BACKGROUND Although tobacco use has significantly declined in the general population, traditional tobacco use treatment uptake and success rates remain disproportionately low among people who identify as African American/Black, Hispanic/Latina/o, and American Indian/Alaskan Native (AA/B, H/L and AI/AN). Technology-based interventions (TBIs) for tobacco use are promising alternatives to traditional tobacco use treatments. OBJECTIVE This scoping review aims to investigate if the use of digital TBIs in tobacco use treatment research promotes health equity among people who identify as AA/B, H/L, and AI/AN. METHODS This scoping review: identifies US-based studies (January 2000-March 2021) that enlist TBIs for tobacco use treatment and include people who identify as AA/B, H/L and AI/AN at 50% or more of the sample when combined; features studies that are also race/ethnicity conscious; and highlights health equity promoting insights from included studies. RESULTS In 22/26 of the studies, the largest proportion of the sample is AA/B, most participants had low socio-economic status and recruitment was most commonly from medical settings. Fifteen studies were race/ethnicity conscious, and 10/15 studies sought to partner with potential end-users. An array of TBIs were represented, however text messaging was most prevalent. Most TBIs were combined with other evidence-based intervention components (e.g., nicotine replacement therapy). Approximately one third of the studies required participants to have their own device and/or internet access. The majority were underpowered to detect significant differences. CONCLUSIONS The modest number of studies, particularly for persons who identify as H/L and AI/AN, demonstrates the limited application of TBIs for tobacco use, and that additional research is needed to determine the extent to which TBIs for tobacco use promote health equity among these populations. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT RR2-10.2196/34508
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