Sanitary issues, combined with the effects of climate change, emphasize the comfort of outdoor spaces in cities. Numerous comfort models exist and can predict thermal sensation. However, these comfort indices need to be validated in hot zones and quantify the neutral range considering people’s thermal resilience. The present study investigates the outdoor thermal comfort of people who live in hot areas and are accustomed to this and quantifies this effect. For that, predictions provided by the COMFA thermal comfort model were compared with the occupants’ perceptions given in the field campaigns’ questionnaires. The field campaigns were associated with on-site monitoring of local climate variables. It was observed that during the survey period, the entire space was predicted to be uncomfortable by the COMFA model. On the contrary, the results of the questionnaires showed that the most frequently encountered thermal sensations were distributed between the comfort zone and the hot zone. The proposed methodology has been designed to be used by other researchers, and it is adaptable to other outdoor thermal comforts such as PET or ITS. The comparison between the model’s predictions and the users’ responses to space highlighted the tendency of the COMFA to overestimate the thermal sensations. This work’s results allow extending the neutral comfort band from 50 W/m2 (value of literature) to 80 W/m2. So, the paper quantifies that the effect of the thermal resilience of the people increases the thermal band of comfort by around 60%. These results will allow an accurate assessment of the effectiveness of future mitigation solutions implemented to improve outdoor thermal comfort in other world areas. It is due to the propose of a higher neutrality range researchers or designers could achieve outdoor thermal comfort in effective and reliable ways, even in hot climates.
The open spaces of cities have become hostile to citizens due to the high temperatures. Lack of thermal comfort hampers outdoor activities. It is imperative to combat these phenomena to bring life back to the streets and make spaces frequently used in the past more appealing to local citizens. The aim is to mitigate the severity of the outdoor climate to reach comfortable conditions in open spaces. For that, microclimate control based on natural cooling techniques is proposed to recover the habitability of these spaces of the cities. These techniques are characterised via experiments. Demostrando como es posible conseguir and integrated using simulation tools. Following this methodology, it is possible to design, size and define operation strategies for the ideal climate control system according to the type of need. This paper addresses a degraded and unused real space as a case study to demonstrate the feasibility of the methodology used. A system has been designed that stores water cooled at night by using the sky and night air and uses it during the day to produce cold air and cool cover. The experimental results test the efficiency of each solution that has been integrated into the complete system. The system operates every technology to keep the temperature radiant and the air of the occupants cool. For it, falling-film technology cools every night a volume of water below 18 °C and dissipation in a water pond by water sprinkler maintains a pond 10–15 °C below the outside air temperature. Also, results test how it is possible to guarantee thermal comfort conditions (operative temperature below of 28 °C) even when the environment surrounding the conditioned volume is at temperatures above 40 °C, and how the seismic allows maintaining these conditions during the worst summer hours. In conclusion, microclimate control allows for mitigating the severity of the outdoor climate to reach a degree of thermal comfort equivalent to that in enclosed venues.
<p>Nature-based Solutions (NbS) in urban areas can be solutions that simultaneously enable adaptation to climate change, preserve biodiversity, and ensure human health and well-being. Since NbS are open systems, their behavior is highly dependent on their interactions with the environment, which are particularly complex and diverse in the urban ecosystem. The dynamics of the urban socio-ecosystem are driven by humans who create new flows, new interactions and further redefine natural ecological processes. &#160;</p> <p>Urban NbS have the potential to deliver multiple benefits, such as cooling air, regulating the water cycle, capturing pollutants, producing biomass, contributing to the creation of ecological corridors, providing spaces for socialization and recreational activities, and improving quality of life. However, in the literature, their effectiveness is mainly assessed through siloed approaches, making it fragmented and unnuanced, with the outcomes rarely studied together. Following this, we develop a systemic framework, based on the &#8220;One Health&#8221; approach, to assess NbS as complex systems having interactions with biodiversity, microclimate, and humans. A well-performing NbS is assumed to be a solution in which biodiversity and humans are healthy in a mitigated microclimate. Through this systemic analysis, several outcomes of a NbS are studied together and links can be identified between the underlying processes, as synergies or antagonisms.</p> <p>This work presents the One Health assessment framework. It is based on semantic work to define the system and conceptualize the One Health approach. It was supplemented by a literature review of studies developing other systemic frameworks and studies on the impacts of NbS. In addition, the framework was first developed for a particular type of urban NbS, green spaces, in order to focus on solutions based on the same objects &#8211; lawn, shrub, and tree &#8211;, and therefore, with mostly identical ecological functions.</p> <p><em>This work was supported by the LabEx IMU (ANR-10-LABX-0088) of Universit&#233; de Lyon, within the &#171;Plan France 2030&#187; operated by the French National Research Agency (ANR), and the French Agency for Ecological Transition (ADEME).</em></p>
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