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Background: The Neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) is native to the South Asian countries, but its cultivation has already spread to countries in other continents, always with tropical climates. It is used in Traditional Medicine. The objective of this review was to consult and discuss the application of the Neem tree in agriculture, industry, Medicine, and the environment. Materials and Methods: Literature retrieval was performed on four databases: OVID; PUBMED; EBSCOhost, and EMBASE, and in the ISI Web of Science. Key words for the search included Neem and Azadirachta indica. Results:A series of studies have demonstrated that the Neem tree has been used medicinally since ancient times. The bark, leaves, fruit, flowers, and roots have been employed, each with very favorable applications. The bark of the Neem tree is cool, bitter, astringent, pungent, and refreshing. It is useful for oral diseases, cough, fever, neuromuscular pain, loss of appetite, fatigue, intestinal parasites, wound healing, as a laxative, as an anti-hemorrhoidal, as an emetic, for skin diseases, to calm excessive thirst, eliminate toxins, as an astringent, an expectorant, and it purifies the blood and prevents damage caused by free radicals to the body, neutralizing this damage. It is also used to treat snake bites and insect bites. The flowers are utilized to regulate body heat. The oil is removed from the seed for pharmaceuticals, paper, and food. Plants, vegetables, and herbs employed as food for humans, and currently in Traditional Medicine, have been accepted as an essential contribution to drug discovery and in chemotherapy in cancer prevention and development. This vegetable oil has physicochemical properties that allow its proposal as a potential raw material for the soap industry. Conclusion: It was possible to know and discuss the variety of applications of the Neem tree, including the bark, leaves, fruit, flowers, and roots, each with very favorable applications in agriculture, industry, Medicine, and especially its use in the care environment.

Atorvastatin treatment and arsenic exposure alone are capable of generating apoptosis in pancreatic β-cells of Wistar rats with T2D. Together, all of these factors induce apoptosis in pancreatic cells.

The aim of this study was to apply the Alamar Blue assay to determine the susceptibility to antituberculosis pharmaceuticals, in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated strains from patients with tuberculosis (TB). In this study, a TB diagnostic was done by bacilluscope as an essential diagnostic tool for pulmonary TB using the Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) stain. Furthermore, a culture was prepared in Lowenstein-Jensen (L-J) solid media, Middlebrook 7H9, and Middlebrook 7H10. For all the clinical samples investigated, five reference strains of M. tuberculosis were used to standardize the sensibility to streptomycin (SM), isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), and ethambutol (EMB) of the ATCC. Additionally, 97 Mycobacterium strains were analyzed from clinical isolations. The microplate Alamar Blue assay (MABA) was standardized and applied. The resistance levels of this disease were obtained in La Comarca Region (Lagunera). The results indicated that the MABA test is fast and easy to apply, however the most important aspect is the reliability of the method to determine the drug sensibility to pharmaceuticals. The MABA colorimetric test can be used in different regional as well as state TB diagnostic laboratories.

RESUMO:El objetivo del trabajo es analizar el funcionamiento de una red colectiva de riego a la demanda, mediante una herramienta de simulación, basada en un control de la programación de riego en parcela y en el establecimiento de la hora de inicio del riego en parcela que minimice el coste energético en la estación de bombeo de la red. La metodología propuesta ha sido aplicada en la red de riego a la demanda del sector I de la zona regable de Tarazona de La Mancha (Albacete, España). Durante la campaña de estudio 2015 se han instalado equipos de medida de parámetros hidráulicos y eléctricos para determinar la actual situación de la red. Para realizar las simulaciones del comportamiento de la red, se ha desarrollado una herramienta en MATLAB ® en combinación con el motor de cálculo de EPANET. Como estrategias analizadas, se ha utilizado de distintos manejos de altura de presión (variable y fija) en cabecera y distintas estrategias de riego en parcela (sin déficit y con déficit). Con la herramienta de simulación, es posible realizar una distribución de tomas abiertas que garantiza un adecuado caudal y presión de suministro en la red, principalmente en aquellas etapas de alta demanda de riego. PALABRAS-CLAVE

Morus nigra L. (M. nigra L.) belongs to the Moraceae family. Traditional medicine for its physicochemical properties. To evaluate the physicochemical composition and pharmaceutical stability of hard gelatin capsules of the freeze-dried fruit of M. nigra L. The content of total phenols (CFT) and antioxidant capacity (CA) were evaluated by spectrophotometry, the content of ash, moisture, protein, fat and fiber were determined according to their own standard. The CFT and CA were 25.4 mg gallic acid equivalents/g of sample, and 74.1% inhibition, respectively. On the other hand, the values of ash, moisture, protein, fat and fiber were 4.2%, 7.9%, 3.9%, 0.5% and 3.6%, respectively. Lyophilized M. nigra fruit may be a novel candidate for the development of gelatin hard capsules and other new pharmaceutical products.

El lenguaje es la capacidad propia del ser humano para expresar pensamientos y sentimientos por medio de la palabra. Los objetivos de este artículo son conocer el lenguaje como un instrumento del desarrollo humano y aplicar esto en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. De esta manera, se abordan diferentes aspectos del lenguaje, como su relación con el cerebro, la infancia, el desarrollo social y humano, el aprendizaje y la tecnología.

Problem statement: Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the world's major health problems. To evaluate in vivo indices of cellular sensitization, antigen-induced Reactive Nitrogen Intermediates (RNI) responses by blood mononuclear cells from Mycobacterium bovis BCG-infected goats supplemented with 1, 25 dyhidroxyvitamin D3 [1, 25-(OH) 2 D3]. Approach: An experimental, longitudinal and comparative study was planned. Twelve animals of goat cattle 20-to 24-month-old sannen selected themselves. Five samplings were made, previous to the inoculation (zero d), 3, 7, 14 and 21 d after applying the treatments. The mononuclear cells by the Ficoll-hypaque method were obtained. The RNI, nitrites and nitrates (NO 2 − and NO 3 −) were quantified by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results: The treatment with the 1, 25(OH) 2 D3 stimulated the NO 3 − synthesis indicating, that by itself it is a good modulador of the micobacterial replication and in the treatment with M. bovis-BCG vaccine increased as a result to the treatment with 1,25(OH) 2 D3. The exhibition to M. bovis-BCG vaccine with the treatment with 1, 25(OH) 2 D3 was able to increase answer NO 3 − in exposed animals. Conclusion: The 1, 25(OH) 2 D3 stimulated in vivo the production of RNI in goats exposed to M. bovis BCG vaccine.