Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is a major health concern globally. Genomic epidemiology is an important tool to assess the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Several mutations have been reported by genome analysis of the SARS-CoV-2. In the present study, we investigated the mutational and phylogenetic analysis of 30 whole-genome sequences for the virus's genomic characteristics in the specimens collected in the early phase of the pandemic (March–June, 2020) and the sudden surge of local transmission (August–September, 2020). The four samples in the early phase of infection were B.6 lineage and located within a clade of the samples collected at the same time in Singapore and Malaysia, while five returnees by rescue flights showed the lineage B. 1.36.1 (three from India), B.1.1 (one from India) and B.1.80 (one from China). However, there was no evidence of local spread from these returnees. Further, all 19 whole-genome sequences collected in the sudden surge of local transmission showed lineage B.1.36. The surge of the second wave on SARS-CoV-2 infection was linked to the single-introduction of a variant (B.1.36) that may result from the strict restriction of international travel and containment efforts. These genomic data provides the useful information to disease control and prevention strategy.
In this study, PRRSVs that spread during the outbreaks of 2011 in Myanmar were investigated. Sequences and phylogenetic analyses of the Nsp2 middle hypervariable region (Nsp2‐HVII) encoding gene, ORF5, and ORF7 showed that they belonged to the North American (NA) genotype and were clustered with HP‐PRRSV strains from other Southeast Asian countries. The discontinuous 30‐amino acid deletions at positions 481 and 533–561 were found in the Nsp2‐HVII of all Myanmarese PRRSVs, implying their derivation from HP‐PRRSV. The phylogenetic trees also showed that Myanmarese strains were in the same group as other Southeast Asian strains from Cambodia, Thailand, and Laos suggesting their close relationships. Conversely, Vietnamese 07QN was in the same group as Chinese JXA1. The unique amino acid mutations found only in Myanmarese PRRSVs were L292F, P431S, and V621M in Nsp2‐HVII and E170G in GP5, which may be used as a marker for monitoring genetic diversity of newly emerging HP‐PRRSV strains.
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a group of clonal haematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by the proliferation of one or more myeloid cell lineages. According to WHO classification, the Janus associated kinase 2 (JAK2) V617F mutation is one of the major diagnostic criteria in BCR-ABL1 negative myeloproliferative neoplasms. The aim of this study is to detect the JAK2 (V617F) mutation in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms to get accurate diagnosis and proper management. A total of 90 clinically diagnosed MPN patients attending to Department of Clinical Haematology, Yangon General Hospital were enrolled in this study. The mean age was 53.4 ± 14 years which ranged from 16 to 81 years old and male and female ratio was 2.4:1. The identification of JAK2 (V617F) point mutation was found to be positive in 44/90 MPN patients (48.9%). According to MPN subtypes, the JAK2 mutation positivity was found in 19 out of 46 polycythemia vera patients (41.3%), 17 out of 25 essential thrombocythemia patients (68%), 8 out of 15 primary myelofibrosis patients (53.3%), 0 of 4 others myeloproliferative neoplasms (0%). Confirmation of each of nine JAK2 mutation positive and negative samples was done by Sanger sequencing. The arterial or venous thrombotic attack was found in 32/44 JAK2 mutation positive cases (72.7%) and 12/44 JAK2 mutation negative cases (27.3%). The association between thrombotic attack and presence of JAK2 mutation was statistically significance with p = 0.000. The diagnosis of myeloproliferative neoplasms mainly relies on the molecular genetics according to WHO classification. The Allele specific PCR reaction is sensitive, simple test and relatively cost-effective.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is a major health concern globally. Genomic epidemiology is an important tool to assess the pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Several mutations have been reported by genome analysis of the SARS-CoV-2. In the present study, we investigate mutational and phylogenetic analysis of 30 whole genome sequences for genomic characteristics of the virus in the specimens collected early phase of pandemic, (March-June, 2020) and sudden surge of infection (August-September, 2020). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 4 samples of L strain and 1 GR strain in early stage of local transmission, while 6 returnees by rescue flights showed GH (India) and GR strains (China and Philippines) with no evidence of local spread. However, all 19 whole genome sequences in sudden surge of local transmission showed genetically distinct clade GH (Lineage B.1.36). Surge of second wave on SARS-CoV-2 infection was linked to the single-introduction of the GH strain that may be a result of strict restriction of international travel and containment efforts. These genomic data provides the useful information to disease control and prevention strategy.
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