Idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) is an inherited neurologi-
This article summarizes the dosimetric results of an International Atomic Energy Agency coordinated research program to investigate the feasibility of adopting guidance levels for invasive coronary artery procedures. The main study collected clinical data from hospitals located in five countries. A total of 2265 coronary angiograms (CA) and 1844 percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) were analyzed. Substudies evaluated the dosimetric performance of 14 fluoroscopes, skin dose maps obtained using film, the quality of CA procedures, and the complexity of PCI procedures. Kerma-area product (PKA) guidance levels of 50 and 125 Gy cm2 are suggested for CA and PCI procedures. These levels should be adjusted for the complexity of the procedures performed in a given institution.
We identified two ClC-2 clones in a guinea pig intestinal epithelial cDNA library, one of which carries a 30-bp deletion in the NH(2) terminus. PCR using primers encompassing the deletion gave two products that furthermore were amplified with specific primers confirming their authenticity. The corresponding genomic DNA sequence gave a structure of three exons and two introns. An internal donor site occurring within one of the exons accounts for the deletion, consistent with alternative splicing. Expression of the variants gpClC-2 and gpClC-2Delta77-86 in HEK-293 cells generated inwardly rectifying chloride currents with similar activation characteristics. Deactivation, however, occurred with faster kinetics in gpClC-2Delta77-86. Site-directed mutagenesis suggests that a protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation consensus site lost in gpClC-2Delta77-86 is not responsible for the observed change. The deletion-carrying variant is found in most tissues examined, and it appears more abundant in proximal colon, kidney, and testis. The presence of a splice variant of ClC-2 modified in its NH(2)-terminal domain could have functional consequences in tissues where their relative expression levels are different.
Toxicología del cadmio. Conceptos actuales para evaluar exposición ambiental u ocupacional con indicadores biológicos AUGUSTO RAMÍREZ Médico del Trabajo. American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. RESUMENDesde el inicio de la Era Industrial, y especialmente después de la II Guerra Mundial, el hombre vive expuesto a cada vez más contaminantes y ha enfrentado grandes desastres ambientales, como Minamata, Bophal y Chernovyl. El cadmio es un tóxico que produce contaminación ambiental e industrial y, en el ser humano, causa alteraciones a nivel enzimático, renal, respiratorio y digestivo, con el agravante de tener una vida media muy prolongada. Para enfrentar el problema deberíamos hacer un inventario de las principales fuentes de contaminación industrial, en metalurgia principalmente, para fiscalizarlas. De otro lado, es necesario proteger al trabajador, aplicando los criterios de valores límites umbrales (TLVs) e indicadores biológicos de exposición (BEIs), acordes con el actual estado del conocimiento.Palabras clave: Cadmio; envenenamiento por cadmio; exposición a riesgos ambientales; contaminación ambiental; indicadores de contaminación. CADMIUM TOXICOLOGY. CURRENT CONCEPTS TO DETERMINE ENVIRONMENTAL OR OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSITION BY MEANS OF BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS SUMMARYWith the beginning of the Industrial Era, specially after the II World War, man lives exposed progressively to more pollutants and has confronted huge environmental disasters like Minamata, Bophal, and Chernovyl. Cadmium is an environmental and industrial toxic pollutant that produces in man effects at the enzymatic, renal, respiratory and digestive levels, aggravated by its very extended mean life. To face this problem, we would have to make a survey of the principal sources of industrial pollution, mainly metallurgic, in order to protect the worker, applying TLVs and BEIs criteria concurrent with the state of the art.
La teoría del conocimiento en investigación científica: una visión actualKnowledge's theory in scientific research: a current scope Augusto V. Ramírez American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Al doctor Emilio A. Marticorena Pimentel ( †), Investigador, Maestro sanfernandino y Amigo IN MEMORIAN ResumenEl conocimiento es el acto consciente e intencional para aprehender las cualidades del objeto y primariamente es referido al sujeto, el Quién conoce, pero lo es también a la cosa que es su objeto, el Qué se conoce. Su desarrollo ha ido acorde con la evolución del pensamiento humano. La epistemología estudia el conocimiento y ambos son los elementos básicos de la investigación científica, la que se inicia al plantear una hipótesis para luego tratarla con modelos matemáticos de comprobación y finalizar estableciendo conclusiones valederas y reproducibles. La investigación científica ha devenido en un proceso aceptado y validado para solucionar interrogantes o hechos nuevos encaminados a conocer los principios y leyes que sustentan al hombre y su mundo; posee sistemas propios basados en el método de hipótesis-deducción/ inducción complementados con cálculos estadísticos y de probabilidades. El buen manejo de la teoría del conocimiento en investigación científica permite respuestas correctas y técnicas a cualquier hipótesis, razón por la que el investigador científico debería conocer su teoría y evolución. Palabras clave: Conocimiento; investigación científica; epistemología; métodos; investigadores. AbstractKnowledge is a conscious, intentional and individual act to learn object's qualities and is firstly referred to who knows but also to the object thing what is known. Its development has been close to human thought evolution. Epistemology, the science that studies knowledge, is based in scientific research that begins with a hypothesis exposition and develops afterwards with mathematical models to have verifiable and valid conclusions. Scientific research is an accepted and validated process for new facts or questions solutions guided to recognize principles and laws that sustain man's life in the world. It owns methods based on hypothesisdeduction/induction complemented with statistics and calculation probabilities. Scientific researchers should know its theory and evolution because they are indispensable tools in research and its good handling will allow technical and suitable answers for any hypothesis.Key words: Knowledge; scientific research; epistemology; methods; research personnel. IntroducciónEl camino recorrido por el hombre en busca del conocimiento es vasto y va desde las primigenias ideas platónicas -abstractas, lejanas de objetos concretos, de carácter mágico realista y donde el conocimiento es simplemente la imagen de objetos externos y sus relaciones-hasta el constructivismo y el evolucionismo, concepciones epistemológicas en las que el individuo o los grupos sociales fabricana-pulso el conocimiento, cuyo súmmum es la memética, sistema teórico que concibe al conocimiento en la socie...
Low HDL is an independent risk factor for myocardial infarction. This paper reviews our current understanding of HDL, HDL structure and function, HDL subclasses, the relationship of low HDL with myocardial infarction, HDL targeted therapy, and clinical trials and studies. Furthermore potential new agents, such as alirocumab (praluent) and evolocumab (repatha) are discussed.
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