Water-based flow assurance issues include corrosion, scale, and gas hydrate formation. Chemical solutions to mitigate these issues usually require separate inhibitors, which sometimes can lead to compatibility difficulties. Herein, we report studies on maleic-based copolymers to combat hydrate and corrosion with a view to optimizing for scale inhibition also. The product of maleic anhydride:N-vinyl caprolactam copolymer reacted with 3-dibutylaminopropylamine (MA:VCap-DBAPA) and its amine oxide derivative (MA:VCap-DBAPA-AO) were the kinetic hydrate inhibitor (KHI) polymers investigated. Due to limited CO2 corrosion inhibition (CI) by the polymers alone, various oxygen-, sulfur-, and nitrogen-based additives were screened for improved CO2 CI and possible KHI synergy. KHI performance screening tests were conducted under high pressure with a structure II-forming natural gas mixture in steel rocking cells using the slow (1 °C/h) constant cooling method. CO2 corrosion inhibition was measured by linear polarization resistance in a stirred 1 L CO2 bubble test apparatus using C1018 steel coupons and 3.6 wt % brine at 20.5 °C. Several sulfur-based additives improved the CI efficiency of the maleic polymers, especially butyl thioglycolate and 2-aminoethanethiol, without a negative effect on the KHI performance. For example, 2500 ppm MA:VCap-DBAPA plus 1000 ppm butyl thioglycolate gave an average hydrate onset temperature (T o) of 4.4 °C (12.7 °C below the T o for no additive) and 99.7% CI efficiency. In contrast to a classic fatty acid imidazoline surfactant corrosion inhibitor, butyl thioglycolate was also found to greatly enhance the CI efficiency of industrial KHIs, poly­(N-vinyl caprolactam) (PVCap) and N-vinyl pyrrolidone:N-vinyl caprolactam copolymer, with no antagonism to the KHI performance of the polymer. In addition, butyl thioglycolate boosted the KHI performance of PVCap. The use of small synergists such as butyl thioglycolate avoids the use of classical surfactant corrosion inhibitors which can lead to tighter emulsions and poor overboard oil-in-water quality.

The deployment of kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) is a chemical method for the prevention of gas hydrate plugging in gas, condensate, and oil production flow lines. Polymers made using the monomer N-vinylcaprolactam (VCap) are one of the most common KHI classes. Alternative classes of polymers containing caprolactam groups are rare. Here, we present a study on oxyvinylenelactam polymers and copolymers with pendant piperidone or caprolactam groups. Low-molecular-weight homo- and copolymers were obtained. The nonrotating vinylene groups impart rigidity to the polymer backbone. Poly­(oxyvinylenecaprolactam) (POVCap) was insoluble in water, but poly­(oxyvinylenepiperidone) (POVPip) and OVPip:OVCap copolymers with 60+ mol % OVPip were soluble with low cloud points. KHI screening tests were carried out using the slow constant cooling method in steel rocking cells. POVPip was water soluble with no cloud point up to 95 °C but showed a poor KHI performance. In contrast, OVPip:OVCap copolymers with about 60–70 mol % OVPip were also water soluble and showed a reasonable KHI performance, better than that of poly­(N-vinylpyrrolidone) but not as good as that of poly­(N-vinylcaprolactam). Surprisingly, several additives known to be good synergists for VCap-based polymers showed negligible synergy or were antagonistic with the 62:38 OVPip:OVCap copolymer with regard to lowering the onset temperature of hydrate formation. However, a blend with hexabutylguanidinium chloride showed a strong effect to delay the onset of rapid hydrate formation.