To plan effective conservation measures and to predict which species will be able to change distribution in response to climate change, there is an increasing need for understanding species dispersal abilities and how species move in complex landscapes. Responses to habitat boundaries affect emigration rates from habitat and are therefore important determinants of species dispersal. There are, however, few studies linking dispersal parameters to likelihood of crossing barriers across several species. In this study, dispersal and likelihood of crossing boundaries, which are presented here as tall and dense tree plantation, were investigated for seven butterfly species. Effects of adult age and sex on the dispersal and behaviour at boundaries were also analysed. Our results demonstrate differences in movements and response to habitat boundaries between species belonging to different butterfly families. Pieridae species were the most likely to cross boundaries and most mobile, whilst with the Lycaenidae species only a small fraction of individuals crossed the tall dense boundary. Individuals and species that moved with longer move bouts (i.e. steps) were more likely to cross boundaries. Therefore, we propose using step length, which is relatively easy to measure, as a proxy for butterfly dispersal at the landscape level. Female butterflies moved less than males within habitat but crossed boundaries more often than males, indicating that dispersal data needs to be collected for the two sexes separately to provide more accurate estimates of species ability to colonise new areas

Summary 1.A crucial question in wildlife management concerns the definition of ecologically meaningful management units. Management action needs to be co-ordinated at the appropriate spatial scale. There are few practical tools for delimiting pertinent management units for large mammals such as ungulates. 2. Previous work has favoured a molecular approach to determine genetically distinct units, but this may be too costly for routine management. In addition, recent studies have revealed fine-scale heterogeneity in population dynamics of free-ranging ungulates in relation to environmental variability. 3. We combined spatial analysis of environmental heterogeneity (vegetation cover, topography and climate), animal morphology (jaw length) and genetic structure (microsatellites) to define biologically meaningful population units for roe deer Capreolus capreolus in the Belluno province, north-eastern Italy. Jaw length is a sensitive measure of density-dependence and a good proxy for spatial and temporal variation in roe deer population growth. 4. Spatial analysis of environmental variables suggested that the study area should be divided into two, or possibly four, biogeographical regions in relation to variation in altitude and habitat type. There was significant spatial variability in jaw length across the province that clustered into two main regions (with shorter jaws in the north compared with the south), which matched the previously defined biogeographical regions. This spatial structuring was also supported by microsatellite analysis, which revealed two genetically distinct populations, one in the north and one in the south. 5. Synthesis and applications . A multiparameter approach, combining environmental information with data on indices of density-dependence such as jaw length, could be extremely useful for defining ecologically meaningful management units. Indeed, monitoring spatial and temporal variation in jaw length could provide deer managers with a simple way to index population structure and fluctuations in time and space.

Wildlife managers frequently use estimates of population densities to guide ungulate management. Because it is nearly impossible to obtain accurate counts, these estimates are based on indices. Thus, managers continue to seek new index methods that could help them better monitor and manage ungulate populations. In this paper we examine the usefulness of hind foot length as an ecological indicator of density dependence for monitoring roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) populations. We used the hind feet of all roe deer shot over an entire province for 13 years that were collected by wildlife managers from the Tarn Hunter Federation (France) to conduct this research. Information on the sex, date, and shooting locality were recorded by hunters, and animal age was determined by wildlife managers. We divided the province into 3 biogeographical regions and investigated the relationship between hind foot length of roe deer fawns, spring and summer climate (temperature and precipitation), and an index of deer density (number of shot roe deer per square kilometer) by region using linear models. Hind foot length differed between sexes and between regions. In 2 out of 3 regions, we observed a negative relationship between hind foot length and our index of roe deer density. Further, hind foot length was lower when springs (but not summers) were cold or wet. We interpreted these trends in relation to changes in population density and habitat structure. We concluded that hind foot length is a useful indicator for assessing the density‐dependent relationship between roe deer populations and their environment and for monitoring population trends.