Background This study was undertaken to identify and functionally characterize virulence genes from Salmonella isolates in street food and stool cultures. From February 2017 to May 2018, clinical and food Salmonella strains were isolated in three regions in Burkina Faso. Salmonella was serotyped according to the White-Kauffmann-Le Minor method, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detec invA, spvR, spvC, fimA and stn virulence genes commonly associated with salmonellosis in Sub-Saharan Africa. Results A total of 106 Salmonella isolates (77 human stools; 14 sandwiches) was analyzed using a serological identification with an O-group test reagent. The presence of Salmonella was confirmed in 86% (91/106) of the samples were reactive (OMA-positive/OMB-positive). Salmonella serogroup O:4,5 was the most common serogroup detected (40%; 36/91). Salmonella Enteritidis and Typhimurium represented 5.5% (5/91) and 3.3% (3/91), respectively and were identified only from clinical isolates. Furthermore, 14 serotypes of Salmonella (12/91 human strains and 2/15 sandwich strains) were evocative of Kentucky/Bargny serotype. For the genetic profile, 66% (70/106) of the Salmonella had invA and stn genes; 77.4% (82/106) had the fimA gene. The spvR gene was found in 36.8% (39/106) of the isolates while 48.1% (51/106) had the spvC gene. Among the identified Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from stools, the virulence genes detected were invA (3/5) versus (2/3), fimA (4/5) versus (3/3), stn (3/5) versus (2/3), spvR (4/5) versus (2/3) and spvC (3/5) versus (2/3), respectively. Conclusion This study reports the prevalence of Salmonella serotypes and virulence genes in clinical isolates and in street foods. It shows that food could be a significant source of Salmonella transmission to humans. Our results could help decision-making by the Burkina Faso health authority in the fight against street food-related diseases, in particular by training restaurateurs in food hygiene.

Despite their impressive diversity and already broad therapeutic applications, cone snail venoms have received less attention as a natural source in the investigation of antimicrobial peptides than other venomous animals such as scorpions, spiders, or snakes. Cone snails are among the largest genera (Conus sp.) of marine invertebrates, with more than seven hundred species described to date. These predatory mollusks use their sophisticated venom apparatus to capture prey or defend themselves. In-depth studies of these venoms have unraveled many biologically active peptides with pharmacological properties of interest in the field of pain management, the treatment of epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiac ischemia. Considering sequencing efficiency and affordability, cone snail venom gland transcriptome analyses could allow the discovery of new, promising antimicrobial peptides. We first present here the need for novel compounds like antimicrobial peptides as a viable alternative to conventional antibiotics. Secondly, we review the current knowledge on cone snails as a source of antimicrobial peptides. Then, we present the current state of the art in analytical methods applied to crude or milked venom followed by how antibacterial activity assay can be implemented for fostering cone snail antimicrobial peptides studies. We also propose a new innovative profile Hidden Markov model-based approach to annotate full venom gland transcriptomes and speed up the discovery of potentially active peptides from cone snails.

The lytic Escherichia coli siphophage BRET was isolated from a chicken obtained at a local market in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. Its linear genome sequence consists of 59,550 bp (43.4% GC content) and contains 88 predicted genes, including 4 involved in archaeosine biosynthesis.

Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that infect bacteria. The emergence of resistant bacteria has been reported worldwide. The use of phages to treat bacterial infection or to reduce bacteria load has become a new area of interest. The viral colonization of rodents represents an important source for a specific biotope. The objective of this study is to characterize the effect of novel phages isolated from rodents (Mastomys) using clinical Enterobacteria strains. Three novel phages were isolated from the intestinal tract of rodents. The phages belong to Myoviridae family. By using three Random Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR), genomic characterization of the phages shows a high diversity that reveals several DNA bands. 3 virulent phages exhibited different patterns, indicating that the rodents' phages are genetically unique and could be distinguished by typing-PCR. The virulence spectrum of the phages shows phages Mα3 and Mα7 have 50% (7/15) lytic activity on enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli strains while phage Mα11 has 26.6% (4/15) lytic activity. These phages have no lytic activity on Salmonella strains. This study is the first to isolate novel phages from rodents with lytic activity. The candidate rodents' phages (Mα3, Mα7, Mα11) can be used to control virulent E. coli in West Africa.

Objectif : Cette étude a pour objectif d’évaluer la réduction de l’infection à Pseudomonas aeruginosa par les bactériophages en aquaculture Méthodologie et résultats : Le phage (PaBor1a) de la bio-collection des phages de l’Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire et la souche Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA001-2018) multi-résistante isolée des poissons piscicoles ont été utilisés pour cette étude. D’une part dans les conditions in vitro, 100 µl d’une solution de phage (108 UFP) et de PA001-2018 ont été mis en culture dans 5 ml de bouillon Luria Bethani pendant 24 h. D’autre part dans les conditions in vivo, un aquarium de 5 L d’eau contenant 6 poissons (Oreochromis niloticus) a été inoculé avec 100 µl de PA001-2018 et du phage PaBor1a pendant 24 h. En présence du phage, la charge bactérienne a été réduite après 2-4 h dans les tests in vitro et in vivo. La décroissance de la population bactérienne et la croissance de celle du phage ont été parallèlement observée. Ce résultat démontre l’efficacité du phage PaBor1a dans le contrôle de la bactérie PA001- 2018 multi-résistante. Conclusion et applications des résultats: La réduction de la charge bactérienne montre le bio contrôle de l’infection à Pseudomonas aeruginosa par le phage PaBor1a. Ce résultat se propose comme alternative thérapeutique pour la lutte contre les infections bactérienne en aquaculture par la méthode balnéaire Mots clés : aquaculture, Oreochromis niloticus, multi-résistant, phages, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Koudou et al., J. Appl. Biosci. 2020 Biocontrôle de l’infection à Pseudomonas aeruginosa multi-résistant par les bactériophages en aquaculture en Côte d’Ivoire 15941 Biocontrol of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection by bacteriophages in Cote d’Ivoire aquaculture ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the reduction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa multi-resistant infection in aquaculture tests by phage activity. Methodology and Results: The phage (PaBor1a) from the phage bio-collection of the Pasteur Institute of Côte d'Ivoire was used against multi-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA001-2018) isolated from aquaculture fish in this study. The test in vitro was conducted by culture of , the phage (108 PFU) and 100 µl of PA001- 2018 in 3 ml of Luria Bethani broth for 24 h. And the test in vivo occurs in aquarium tank of 5 L containing 6 fishes (Oreochromis niloticus), and inoculated with 100 µl of PA001-2018 and phage PaBor1a (108 PFU) for 24 h. The negative tests were conducted without phage PaBor1a under the same conditions. The results shows that the presence of the phage, the bacterial load was reduced after 2- 4 h in both tests. Bacterial decay and phage growth were observed in parallel. This result demonstrates the efficacy of phage PaBor1a against the multidrug resistant PA001- 2018 bacteria in aquarium tank. Conclusion and applications of results: reduction of bacterial load show the bio control of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection by phage PaBor1a. This result is proposed as a therapeutic alternative in aquaculture against bacterial infection in aquaculture by washing method Keywords: aquaculture, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, multi-resistant, phages