The effect of grape seed extract (GS; 0.02%), oleoresin rosemary (OR; 0.02%), water-soluble oregano extract (WS; 0.02%), propyl gallate (PG; 0.02% of fat), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA; 0.02% of fat), and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT; 0.02% of fat) on the oxidative and color stability of precooked pork patties stored at −18• C for up to 6 mo were determined. Pork lean and trim were ground and mixed (30% fat). Antioxidants mixed with salt (2%) were added. Patties were formed, cooked to 71• C, over wrapped in PVC, and stored at −18 • C. Lipid oxidation was determined using thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and descriptive sensory evaluation. Color was determined instrumentally and visually. Samples were evaluated after 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 mo of frozen storage. Based upon TBARS values, PG (0.21 mg MDA/kg) and GS extract (0.23) had more antioxidant activity over the storage period than did WS, OR, BHA, and BHT. GS had no effect on a * or b * values. Grape seed extract (0.02%) has the potential to inhibit oxidative rancidity as well as current synthetic antioxidants.
Using consumer‐friendly terminology is essential for more impactful consumer research. As an example, focus groups are effective to gather emotional and attitudinal information in ways that surveys and questionnaires cannot. The objective of this study was to use situational exercises in focus groups to generate terminology about emotions and attitudes in beauty care. These terms can be used to aid the product development process and product communication. Women in the Kansas City area (N = 21), who use a variety of different beauty care products, were recruited for three focus groups of seven people each. The groups were divided by age group as follows: 18–35, 36–50, and 51+. Participants were asked questions regarding their behaviors behind their purchasing habits and use of beauty care products, both positive and negative. Women reported that when not using beauty care products, they felt tired, dirty, and self‐conscious. Contrarily, they reported feeling confident, clean, and beautiful when using products. They also mentioned the importance of ingredients. Women overwhelmingly wanted products to have more natural ingredients and to be created “cruelty‐free” (no animal testing). These qualitative techniques help understand the consumer so companies can better communicate with their target users. Practical Applications This article provides an example on the use of focus groups as a tool to rapidly gather relevant information about emotions and behaviors in the beauty care category. This technique is a fast way to gather rich information that could benefit a research and development team from two fronts: first, to a sensory or product development group to understand the relations between product characteristics and the emotional construct of consumers and perhaps provide a key into changing consumer behaviors and second, to a brand or marketing team to understand what their target users are saying so they can think about better ways to reach the consumer and communicate with them, in this case, within the beauty care industry.
Leafy green production in high tunnels (HTs) results in increased yields, improved visual quality, and extended production with polyethylene (poly) film and/or shade cloth coverings. However, altering visible and ultra-violet light with HT coverings may reduce phytochemicals, thus influencing plant pigmentation and taste. The objective of this study was to examine various HT coverings on the sensory perceptions, soil temperature, color, and anthocyanin accumulation of red leaf lettuce. The coverings included standard poly, standard poly with removal two weeks prior to harvest (movable), diffuse poly, clear poly, UV-A/B blocking poly (block), standard poly with 55% shade cloth, and the open field. A highly trained descriptive panel evaluated the samples using a scale from 0 (none) to 15 (extremely high) and determined a list of 20 sensory attributes. The color intensity attribute had the most differentiation between coverings, and the open field was higher (i.e., darker) than the others at 7.5 (p < 0.0001), followed by clear and movable coverings at 6.8, and the shade covering scored a 2. Strong relationships existed between both colorimetric (hue°) and anthocyanin analysis to panelist-based scores (R2 = 0.847 and 0.640, respectively). The initial crispness was similar for movable, standard, diffuse, and block coverings at 5.3 on average, which was higher than the open field at 4 (p < 0.01). The open field lettuce grew under cooler soil temperatures, which may have slowed down maturation and resulted in softer tissue. Based on this study, HT growers can implement specific coverings to cater to markets that value visual quality.
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