A numerical investigation of Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI) with different unstable thermal stratification and coupled Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) and RTI (referred to as KHRTI) is performed by solving the compressible Navier-Stokes equation. Two air masses having temperature differences of $\Delta T^* = 21.75K$ and 46.5K (corresponding to Gay-Lussac numbers (Ga) of 0.073 and 0.156) are considered in an isolated box, initially separated by a non-conducting interface for studying RTI. For KHRTI, dimensionless tangential shear of $\Delta U = 0.92$ and 1.89, is additionally imposed on the two air masses with $\Delta T^* = 21.75K$. Onset, propagation and fully developed stages of the instabilities are explored via time-resolved and instantaneous temperature and vorticity. For RTI, lower $\Delta T^*$ case shows retarded growth of mixing layer and a set of interpenetrating bubbles. The higher $\Delta T^*$ case, shows an accelerated growth of mixing layer with alternating rows of spikes and bubbles. For KHRTI, flow is governed by KH dynamics at early times and RT dynamics at later times. To further understanding of interaction between RT and KH mechanisms, a compressible enstrophy transport equation in {\it A novel compressible enstrophy transport equation based analysis of instability of Magnus-Robins effects for very high rotation rates} - Suman, V. K. et al., Phys. Fluids, {\bf 34}, 044114 (2022), is used. Depending on Ga, either vortex stretching or compressibility contribution terms of the enstrophy transport are dominant for RTI. Depending on shear imposed, either baroclinic torque or viscous terms are dominant for KHRTI.
An experiment on rice-based cropping systems to monitor the soil properties and crop performance (Rice) was conducted at Agronomy Research Farm in Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj (Ayodhya, U.P.) during 2020-21 in Complete Randomized Block Design with seven treatments and three replications. Seven cropping patterns viz; rice-wheat-fallow, rice-wheat-green gram, rice-frenchbean-green gram, rice-berseem-sudan chari, rice-cauliflower-okra, rice-potato-cowpea, rice-mustard-green gram were compared with rice-rice cropping pattern. The cropping systems were evaluated for their productivity & to assess their effect on the soil properties like soil pH, EC, organic carbon contents, soil organic matter, and available soil NPK. The results revealed that the green manuring and leguminous cropping patterns gave higher paddy yield as compared to the commonly practiced rice-rice cropping pattern. The maximum yield of rice (43.15q/ha) was obtained from a rice-mustard-green gram cropping pattern which was comparatively higher than those of a rice-rice cropping pattern. As regards the cost-benefit ratio, the highest ratio was received in the case of the rice-mustard-green gram (1:1.77) cropping system followed by the rice-frenchbean- green gram (1:1.65) and rice-wheat-green gram (1:1.52) as against the existing cropping system rice-rice. The results further indicated that the introduction of green manuring or leguminous crops in the existing rice-wheat system increased grain yields and improved the physio-chemical properties, organic matter contents, and nutrient availability in the soil. Soil pH lowered from 8.3 to 7.97 and organic carbon increased from 0.38 % to 0.39 %.
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